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Озоновая дыра, о которой так много говорили в 1980-х и 1990-х годах, стала символом экологической угрозы. Впервые она была обнаружена в 1985 году, когда британские ученые заметили, что над Антарктидой происходит стремительное истощение озонового слоя — невидимого щита, защищающего Землю от вредного ультрафиолетового излучения. Это открытие вызвало настоящую панику и привело к принятию срочных международных мер, таких как Монреальский протокол, который ограничил использование разрушительных химических веществ. Как вы думаете, как с тех пор изменилась озоновая дыра? Действительно ли она начала исчезать, как нам обещали?

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Об озоновой дыре сегодня мало кто упоминает, потому что сегодня это не такая серьезная проблема. Источник изображения: drive2.ru

Содержание

  • 1 Что такое озоновый слой
  • 2 Из-за чего образовалась озоновая дыра
  • 3 Какой размер у озоновой дыры
  • 4 Что такое Монреальский протокол
  • 5 Как выглядит озоновая дыра в 2024 году

Что такое озоновый слой

Озоновый слой — это уникальный защитный экран Земли, расположенный на высоте от 15 до 30 километров над поверхностью планеты. Он представляет собой газовую оболочку, в которой содержится высокая концентрация озона — вещества, поглощающего вредные ультрафиолетовые лучи Солнца. Без этого слоя жизнь на Земле была бы в постоянной опасности, потому что ультрафиолет способен разрушать клетки и вызывать заболевания, такие как рак кожи.

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Расположение озонового слоя Земли по отношению к тропосфере и стратосфере. Источник: dzen.ru

Из-за чего образовалась озоновая дыра

К сожалению, во второй половине XX века ученые начали замечать, что озоновый слой Земли начинает истончаться. Главной причиной этого явления стали химические вещества, самыми опасными из которых ученые посчитали хлорфторуглероды (CFC), которые активно использовались в аэрозольных баллончиках, хладагентах и растворителях. Попадая в стратосферу, эти вещества разрушали молекулы озона, что привело к образованию огромной «дыры» в озоновом слое над Антарктидой.

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Карта озоновой дыры над Южным полюсом по состоянию на 15 сентября 2021 года. Источник изображения: newscientist.com

Какой размер у озоновой дыры

Размер озоновой дыры над Антарктидой постоянно меняется, достигая максимальной площади в 25 миллионов квадратных километров. Это почти в два раза больше, чем территория всей Сибири. Такие огромные масштабы делают ее одной из самых пугающих природных аномалий.

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Размер озоновой дыры хорошо виден на картинке. Источник изображения: NASA’s Earth Observatory

Что такое Монреальский протокол

После того как был обнаружен озоновый слой, многие страны проявили обеспокоенность и начали активно искать пути решения этой проблемы.

В 1987 году был подписан Монреальский протокол, который стал ключевым шагом в борьбе за сохранение озонового слоя. Этот международный договор запретил производство и использование химических веществ, таких как хлорфторуглероды (CFC), которые разрушали озоновый слой. Стоит отметить, что до сих пор Монреальский протокол остается единственным соглашением ООН, принятым всеми 197 странами мира.

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Монреальский протокол помогает восстанавливать озоновый слой Земли. Источник фотографии: nytimes.com

Протокол стал олицетворением международного сотрудничества, доказав, что, когда страны объединяются для общего блага, возможны реальные изменения. Благодаря этим усилиям ученые уже давно прогнозировали полное восстановление озонового слоя к середине этого века, при условии, что все стороны будут соблюдать свои обязательства.

Кажется, усилия были не напрасными.

В верхней атмосфере Земли обнаружили светящиеся буквы «С» и «Х». Рассказываем что это такое

Как выглядит озоновая дыра в 2024 году

По данным IFL Science, в 2024 году озоновая дыра над Антарктидой начала проявлять признаки восстановления. Как отметила Всемирная метеорологическая организация, каждый год эта дыра возникает в августе и достигает своего максимума в октябре, но с каждым годом она становится меньше.

В 2024 году озоновая дыра появилась немного позже обычного из-за резкого потепления в верхних слоях атмосферы, которое произошло в июле. Это потепление нарушило нормальное движение холодных воздушных масс вокруг Антарктиды, известное как полярный вихрь. Возникшие сбои повлияли на размер озоновой дыры, которая оказалась меньше, чем в предыдущие годы.

Как сегодня выглядит озоновая дыра, о которой все говорили в 1990-е годы - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Размер озоновой дыры 10 сентября 2024 года. Источник изображения: CAMS/ECMWF

Эксперты из службы мониторинга атмосферы Copernicus подчеркнули, что, несмотря на воздействие различных факторов, таких как извержения вулканов и изменение климата, основной причиной разрушения озонового слоя по-прежнему остаются химические вещества, распыляемые людьми. Однако благодаря Монреальскому протоколу у озонового слоя появилась возможность начать восстанавливаться, и полное его восстановление над Антарктидой ожидается к 2066 году.

Хотя текущие данные о состоянии озоновой дыры дают позитивные прогнозы, ученые также отмечают тревожные климатические изменения, такие как аномально высокие температуры в Антарктиде. Тем не менее общая картина показывает, что озоновый слой уверенно движется к восстановлению, и его полное возвращение к уровням 1980 года — лишь вопрос времени.

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В Антарктиде наблюдается заметное потепление. Источник изображения: kzyx.org

Без Монреальского протокола мир мог бы существенно измениться. Однажды ученые из NASA пришли к выводу, что если бы не были приняты меры, озоновая дыра покрыла бы всю планету уже к 2040 году. Это создало бы серьезную угрозу для здоровья и экосистем Земли, так как жители даже умеренных широт рисковали бы получить солнечный ожог всего за 10 минут пребывания под открытым небом.

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Однако благодаря международным усилиям и запрету на использование опасных химических веществ этот сценарий удалось предотвратить. Озоновый слой получил шанс на восстановление.

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