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Когда мы думаем о планетах, первое, что приходит на ум, — это их круглые формы, подобные Земле. Но есть ли во Вселенной планеты, которые не имеют сферической формы? В нашей Солнечной системе все планеты, по сути, круглые. Однако за ее пределами могут существовать объекты, которые имеют немного другой внешний вид. Разумеется, в космосе нет ни одной квадратной или треугольной планеты, поскольку это противоречит законам физики. Возникает вопрос: почему планеты именно круглые и какую из них нельзя назвать таковой? Чтобы узнать ответы на эти вопросы, прочитайте нашу статью. Ваш кругозор точно будет расширен, прямо как экваторы некоторых планет!
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Ученые считают, что при определенных условиях планеты могут обретать неожиданные формы. Источник изображения: reddit.com
Содержание
- 1 Почему планеты круглые
- 2 Почему Земля не идеально круглая
- 3 Планета в форме овала
- 4 Планеты в форме бублика
Почему планеты круглые
Ученые уже давно знают, что планеты становятся круглыми благодаря силе, которая называется гравитацией. Она притягивает все частицы материи к центру. Когда планета только появляется из газа и пыли, гравитация помогает частицам собраться в центре, и планета становится похожей на шар.
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Шар — идеальная форма для планет. Источник изображения: dzen.ru
Сфера — это самая удобная форма для распределения массы в космосе. Она помогает сохранять энергию и делает планету более устойчивой. Чем больше масса планеты, тем сильнее гравитация и тем ближе планета к форме шара.
Почему Земля не идеально круглая
По данным Live Science, хотя планеты кажутся круглыми, на самом деле они далеки от идеала. Даже наша Земля имеет небольшие отклонения от идеальной сферы. Это происходит из-за центробежной силы — силы, которая действует на вращающийся объект, заставляя его как бы «раздуваться» вокруг экватора. В результате на Земле образуется небольшой выпуклый «пояс» на экваторе. Этот эффект не так уж велик, но все же заметен.
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Земля не идеально круглая, но это слабо заметно. Источник изображения: center-grad.ru
Примечательно, что при более быстром вращении планета может заметно деформироваться, даже сильнее, чем Земля. Если вращение слишком быстрое, полюса планеты сплющиваются, и она приобретает форму, напоминающую сплюснутый шар или даже мяч для американского футбола. Кроме того, на форму планеты могут влиять и силы притяжения от близлежащих звезд, которые способны растянуть ее, придавая ей более вытянутую форму.
Читайте также: Самые удивительные фотографии Земли из космоса за всю историю наблюдений
Планета в форме овала
Одним из самых поразительных примеров сплюснутой планеты является экзопланета WASP-103 b — газовый гигант, вдвое превышающий размеры Юпитера и имеющий массу в полтора раза больше. Эта планета вращается вокруг звезды, которая почти в два раза больше нашего Солнца, и находится очень близко к ней. Такое расположение оказывает значительное влияние на ее форму.
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Ученые считают, что экзопланета WASP-103 b имеет форму мяча для американского футбола. Источник изображения: esa.int
Под воздействием притяжения звезды планета WASP-103 b принимает вытянутую, почти «слезообразную» форму. Это происходит из-за баланса между газом, стремящимся расширить планету, и гравитацией, которая ее сжимает. В результате планета не только сплющивается у полюсов, но и деформируется в направлении своей звезды.
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Мяч для американского футбола. Источник изображения: pxhere.com
Кроме того, эта деформация оказывает влияние на вращение планеты. WASP-103 b всегда обращена одной стороной к своей звезде, подобно Луне к Земле. Быстрое вращение дополнительно усиливает сплющивание ее полюсов, делая планету очень сильно «сдавленной».
Ад на просторах Вселенной: NASA обнаружили экзопланету, которая все время горит
Планеты в форме бублика
Ученые не исключают возможность существования планет с более необычными формами, чем просто сплюснутые сферы. Например, некоторые предполагают, что при очень высокой скорости вращения планета могла бы принять форму тора, то есть стать похожей на гигантский бублик. В таком случае центробежная сила, направленная наружу, могла бы стать настолько сильной, что смогла бы преодолеть гравитацию, притягивающую планету к её центру.
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Кто бы что ни говорил, ученые еще ни разу не видели планету в форме бублика. Источник изображения: reddit.com
А вы уже подписаны на наш Дзен-канал? Если нет, самое время это исправить!
Однако пока что существование таких «бубликовых» планет остается лишь теорией. Ни одной подобной планеты не было обнаружено, и ученые считают, что в ближайшем будущем это вряд ли произойдет. Как отмечают специалисты, это скорее область научной фантастики, чем реальность.
