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29.03.2024
18 4 minutes read

Одно из самых удивительных природных образований на планете – озеро Байкал – является единственным пресноводным в мире и содержит около 20% всех пресных водных ресурсов на Земле. Более того, Байкал – еще и самое глубокое озеро в мире (глубина превышает 1600 метров), а его экосистема богата биологическим разнообразием и множеством эндемичных видов. Одним из ключевых аспектов экосистемы Байкала является его невероятно прозрачная и чистая вода, настолько, что в ней можно увидеть объекты на глубине до 40 метров. К сожалению, в последние десятилетия экосистема Байкала столкнулась с рядом серьезных проблем, которые могут негативно сказаться на ее состоянии в будущем. Так, результаты ранее проведенных исследований показали, что изменение климата оказывает как косвенное, так и прямое воздействие на организмы и процессы в озере: повышение температуры воды, изменение режима осадков и другие климатические изменения чреваты миграцией и вымиранием некоторых видов. Но это – далеко не единственные проблемы.

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Экосистема озера Байкал находится под угрозой из-за климатических изменений
Фото: W0ZNY / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

Уникальное озеро

Крупнейшее и древнейшее из пресноводных озер возникло во времена динозавров, а свой современный вил приобрело задолго до появления на планете наших далеких предков. Благодаря своему возрасту и изоляции, озеро Байкал отличается исключительным биологическим разнообразием. Интересно, что свой нынешний глубокий и насыщенный кислородом характер Байкал приобрел только в позднем плейстоцене (от 2,6 млн до 11 700 лет назад), а среди его разнообразной фауны особенно хорошо изучены гаммаридные амфиподы и скульптины.

Увы, но существование этой замечательной экосистемы находится под угрозой исчезновения. Некоторые ученые полагают, что озеро, возможно, переживает сдвиг экологического режима, который должен дать передышку существам, живущим в более крупной, но все еще ограниченной экосистеме — той, которая тоже быстро нагревается.

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Загрязнение озера Байкал – серьезная проблема, требующая принятия срочных мер
Изображение: theacademic.com

Это интересно: Самые удивительные динозавры, которые жили на территории России миллионы лет назад

При этом наиболее очевидной проблемой является загрязнение воды – промышленные выбросы, нефтепродукты, химические вещества и мусор могут попадать в озеро, нарушая его экологическое равновесие и угрожая здоровью живых организмов. Возросшая туристическая активность также оказывает давление на экосистему Байкала, особенно вблизи популярных туристических мест и национальных парков.

И хотя многие ученые полагали, что 20% пресной воды Байкала и его размеры могут быть устойчивы к изменениям, данные, полученные за более чем 60 десятилетий научных исследований показали, что это не так. Помимо загрязнения окружающей среды, Байкал прогревается, а годовая продолжительность ледового состава становится все меньше.

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Биоразнообразие озера Байкал поражает воображение^ Phys.org

Читайте также: Более половины крупнейших озер и водохранилищ на Земле вскоре могут пересохнуть

Эксперты отмечают
, что для сохранения уникальной экосистемы озера необходимо принятие срочных мер по защите и восстановлению его природных ресурсов. Это включает в себя ужесточение экологических стандартов для промышленных предприятий, внедрение мер по очистке и охране водных ресурсов, контроль за туристической деятельностью и проведение образовательных программ для поддержания осведомленности об экологических проблемах озера Байкал.

Водоросли, ветер и изменение климата

В первом крупном отчете, представляющем всесторонний анализ данных, собранных международной командой исследователей говорится о биологических изменениях, сопровождающих потепление на Байкале. Ученые обнаружили, что масса водорослей в целом увеличивается, как и численность группы широко распространенного зоопланктона (кладоцераны, которые хорошо себя чувствуют при более высоких температурах). А популяция эндемичных, холодолюбивых эпишурелл (разновидность мелких ракообразных), напротив, либо незначительно сокращается, либо остается стабильной.

Из-за физиологических и других различий между типами зоопланктона авторы исследования предположили, что если эти тенденции сохранятся или усилятся, то могут существенно повлиять на круговорот питательных веществ в озере с масштабными экологическими последствиями.

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Озеро Байкал является домом для единственного в мире вида пресноводных тюленей – нерпы (Pusa sibirica). Фото предоставлено: andreigilbert/Getty Images

В ходе дополнительного анализа данных, полученных из кернов мелководных отложений, мы изучили, как естественные и вызванные человеком изменения повлияли на круговорот питательных веществ и химических веществ в озере и, в конечном счете, на изменения продуктивности водорослей, – сообщают авторы научной работы.

Исследователи также обращают внимание на увеличение силы ветра над озером, которое может вызвать более интенсивную «вентиляцию» глубоководных районов. Причина увеличения силы ветра пока достоверно не известна, но, вероятно, этому способствуют уменьшение ледяного покрова наряду с повышением температуры воздуха и поверхностных вод.

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Эти и другие данные затем легли в основу математической модели водной экосистемы Байкала, разработанной исследователями из Мичиганского государственного университета и Берлинского института экологии пресноводных ресурсов и рыболовства во внутренних водоемах им. Лейбница. В модели ученые стремятся интегрировать биологические взаимодействия между организмами с изменениями в физической среде. Их главная цель – лучше понять причины недавних изменений в сезонных закономерностях обилия водорослей, особенно зимой.

Солнечный свет и зимний лед

На Байкале, где солнечный свет проникает сквозь прозрачный зимний лед, пик продуктивности водорослей традиционно приходится на зиму и раннюю весну — еще одна необычная особенность этой системы. В конце 20-го века эти пики часто задерживались, были слабее или просто отсутствовали. Данные проведенных исследований выявили эти закономерности, которые редко можно оценить в озерах из-за их целенаправленного отбора проб в течение зимы.

Модель, которая учитывает численность эпишуреллы и выпас скота, а также рассматривает отдельные популяции водорослей, адаптированных к холоду и теплой воде, предполагает, что эти изменения в численности водорослей могут быть в значительной степени результатом сокращения годового ледяного покрова, и что, если ледяной покров продолжит уменьшаться, зимний пик водорослей может исчезнуть в целом.

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Озеро Байкал огромно, в нем содержится 20% жидкой пресной воды планеты. (Фото предоставлено Astromujoff/Getty Images)

Не пропустите: Почему на Байкале возникают камни на «ножках» изо льда?

Отметим, что модель довольно сложна, но ее прогнозируемые результаты, по крайней мере частично, обусловлены большей способностью эпишуреллы подавлять рост популяции водорослей, поедая их, когда ледяного покрова становится меньше.

Модель также описывает «смену режима» – плавный переход системы из одного состояния в другое, включающий в себя другой диапазон вариаций. И так как ни одна модель не является окончательной, то может эволюционировать по мере развития нашего понимания экологических взаимодействий этой древней и уникальной экосистемы, но контраст между сменой режима и устойчивыми, постепенными изменениями вызывает беспокойство и даже пугает.

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Озеро Байкал – жемчужина Сибири
(Изображение: A-z-animals.com)

Так или иначе, полученные данные указывают на то, что глобальное потепление и другие антропогенные изменения окружающей среды иногда могут вызывать резкие сдвиги в экосистемах, которые может быть трудно как предсказать, так и обратить вспять.

Источник

29.03.2024
18 4 minutes read
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10.01.2024

В Индии построено самое большое офисное здание в мире — Пентагон остался на втором месте — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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02.03.2024

Каменные сфероиды — археологическая загадка возрастом в 2 миллиона лет — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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