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Что науке известно о муравьях? В первую очередь, ученые знают о существовании более 12 тысяч видов, входящих в это обширное семейство насекомых. Муравьев можно встретить в любом уголке нашей планеты, кроме Антарктиды. Они живут в муравейниках, где соблюдается четкая социальная структура, состоящая из королевы, солдат и рабочих. Они играют важную роль в природе, ускоряя разложение мертвых животных и растений, а также распространяя семена и контролируя популяцию вредителей. Некоторые виды муравьев обладают уникальными способностями вроде выделения антибиотиков для лечения пострадавших солдат. Также есть африканские племена, члены которых используют муравьев для наложения швов на раны. Подробности обо всем этом вы узнаете прямо сейчас — как всегда, все простыми словами и с фотографиями.

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Муравьи могут лечить раны у себе подобных и даже людей. Источник изображения: pikabu.ru

Содержание

  • 1 Муравьи в Африке матабеле
  • 2 Как муравьи лечат раны
  • 3 Животные лечащие раны
  • 4 Муравьи для зашивания ран

Муравьи в Африке матабеле

В человеческом обществе, когда кто-то заболевает, его близкие люди начинают за ним ухаживать. Для лечения болезней мы используем лекарства вроде антибиотиков, и в обществах некоторых видов муравьев ученые наблюдают такое же поведение.

Как африканские племена зашивают раны при помощи муравьев - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Муравьи матабеле нападают на термитов. Источник изображения: inaturalist.org

Например, это наблюдается в колониях муравьев матабеле (Megaponera analis). Они встречаются на территории всей Африки и получили свое необычное название в честь африканского племени матабеле, проживающем на юго-западе Зимбабве. В отличие от других видов муравьев, этот насекомые матабеле питаются не нектарами, а термитами. Во время нападения на более опасных существ, муравьи получают раны, а потом занимаются их лечением.

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Представители племени матабеле на изображении 1984 года. Источник: ru.wikipedia.org

Читайте и смотрите: Подборка фотографий диких племен 21 века и факты об их жизни

Как муравьи лечат раны

Наблюдения показали, что во время набегов на гнезда термитов, до 22% муравьев теряют одну или две ноги. Раненые особи не остаются лежать на поле боя — другие солдаты утаскивают их обратно в муравейник. Раньше ученые не знали, почему они это делают, но потом стало известно, что муравьи матабеле умеют лечить раненых даже от серьезных травм вроде оторванных конечностей.

Как африканские племена зашивают раны при помощи муравьев - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Муравей матабеле крупным планом. Источник фотографии: ru.wikipedia.org

Конечно, они не могут пришить потерянную ногу обратно, но вполне способны отличить обычную рану от инфицированной. Если в ране есть инфекция, муравьи впрыскивают в нее вещество, содержащее около 50 различных компонентов с противомикробным действием.

Животные лечащие раны

Чтобы проверить, насколько важны «целители» в колониях муравьев матабеле, ученые попробовали отделить их от раненых особей. Без них 90% травмированных муравьев без лечения чудодейственным веществом умерли в течение 36 часов. Для сравнения, инфицированные муравьи, окруженные целителями, умирали только в 22% случаев. Если бы питающиеся термитами муравьи не обладали способностью лечить друг друга, их колонии бы быстро умирали от полученных травм и голода.

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Муравьи матабеле крупные, но термиты тоже представляют для них большую опасность. Источник фотографии: arstechnica.com

По словам ученых, муравьи — это единственные животные, которые могут лечить своих собратьев так же хорошо, как и люди. Возможно, в будущем им удастся более тщательно изучить содержащиеся в них лечебные вещества и использовать его для создания новых антибиотиков, против которых бактерии не успели выработать иммунитет. Есть надежда на то, что новое лекарство поможет людям в борьбе с синегнойной палочкой.

Читайте также: Почему муравьи — одни из самых сильных насекомых в мире?

Муравьи для зашивания ран

Муравьи способны лечить не только себе подобных, но и людей. Правда, делают это они далеко не по своей воле, и расплачиваются за это своей жизнью.

Помимо муравьев матабеле, на территории Африки живут муравьи вида Dorylus. Они не обладают способностью лечить друг друга, но имеют на голове мощные челюсти, похожие на крючки. Они нужны им для защиты и поедания жертв, но представители африканских племен нашли им еще одно применение — они зашивают раны муравьями.

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Челюсти муравьев вида Dorylus отлично подходят для сшивания ран. Источник фотографии: wikiparazit.ru

В одной колонии муравьев Dorylus может жить до 20 миллионов особей. Когда кто-то из людей получает рану, он может поймать несколько муравьев и заставить укусить кожу так, чтобы челюсти сцепили два края плоти. После того, как насекомое впилось в кожу и затянуло рану, его тело выбрасывается, а голова остается на ране до полного заживления. Даже при отсутствии медицинских принадлежностей, местные жители могут получить прочный шов, ускоряющий заживление.

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Зашитая муравьями рана на руке. Источник изображения: antclub.org

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Итак, муравьи умеют лечить друг друга антибиотиками, а также используются для наложения швов. Но это еще не все удивительные умения этих насекомых. Прямо сейчас вы можете почитать о том, как и зачем они дают молоко, а также каким образом они лечат поврежденные деревья. Ну и, самое вкусное: некоторые муравьи способны менять размер своего головного мозга.

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