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Сегодня, чтобы стать космонавтом, не нужно быть Юрием Гагариным — требования к кандидатам гораздо мягче, чем во второй половине XX века. По данным за 2017 год, исследователь космоса должен быть младше 35 лет, обладать образованием по инженерным, научным или летным специальностям, иметь опыт работы не менее 3 лет и быть полностью здоровым, без хронических заболеваний. Рост космонавта должен составлять 150-190 сантиметров, а масса тела находиться в районе 50-90 килограммов. Если человек подходит под все эти требования, он ждет набора в российский отряд и проходит подготовку на протяжении около шести лет. Так как полет в космос является серьезным испытанием для человеческого организма, кандидаты постоянно тренируются. Занятия проходят как до полета, так и после возвращения на Землю — в космосе тело человека заметно ослабевает. Давайте выясним, о каких именно тренировках идет речь?

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Чтобы остаться в живых, космонавты обязаны постоянно тренироваться

Так как для полета в космос требуется крепкое тело и здоровье в целом, человек изначально должен быть в хорошей физической форме. Каждый космонавт, еще до подачи заявки на полет, уже регулярно выполняет стандартные тренировки. То есть он ходит в зал, правильно питается и делает все необходимое для обладания хорошим здоровьем и подготовкой. Но этого мало — перед полетом, космонавты обязательно проходят тренировки на специальном оборудовании.

Как тренируются космонавты до и после полета в космос? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Юрий Гагарин — пример идеального космонавта

Содержание

  • 1 Тренировка на центрифуге
  • 2 Испытания в бассейне
  • 3 Тренировки на МКС
  • 4 Тренировки после приземления

Тренировка на центрифуге

Одни из сложнейших моментов во время полета в космос — это взлет и приземление. На этих этапах космонавты испытывают сильнейшую нагрузку, поэтому, чтобы она не стала неприятным сюрпризом, они обретают такой опыт во время испытаний на центрифуге. Кандидаты садятся в специальную камеру с креслом, пристегивают ремни и начинают кружиться. Центрифуга совершает до 36,5 оборотов в минуту со скоростью до 250 километров в час. Условия внутри тренажера максимально приближены к тем, которые устанавливаются внутри кабины космического корабля во время взлета и возвращения на Землю. В кабине можно менять давление, температуру воздуха, влажность и другие параметры.

Как тренируются космонавты до и после полета в космос? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Космонавты испытывают сильную нагрузку даже в тренировочной центрифуге

Испытания в бассейне

Все космонавты после взлета оказываются на космической станции. Иногда, для проведения ремонтных работ, они надевают скафандры и выбираются в открытый космос. Находясь на там, они тоже испытывают сильную нагрузку — даже чтобы сжать ладонь, им приходится прилагать огромные усилия. Чтобы привыкнуть к суровым условиям космоса, они тренируются на дне глубоко бассейна на Земле. Искусственно создаваемые условия невесомости под водой называется гидроневесомостью. Находясь на дне бассейна, космонавты в течение длительного времени отрабатывают на макетах те же действия, которые им предстоит проводить в открытом космосе. По ощущениям гидроневесомость почти такая же, как и в космической невесомости. Единственным отличием является только то, что внутренние органы человека все равно подвергаются воздействию гравитации — в космосе они тоже находятся в невесомости.

Как тренируются космонавты до и после полета в космос? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Подводная тренировка космонавтов

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Тренировки на МКС

Космонавты обязаны выполнять физические упражнения не только до и после полета, но и во время пребывания на космической станции. Дело в том, что находясь в условиях невесомости, тело человека сильно расслабляется. Если постоянно не тренироваться, мышцы могут атрофироваться и человек уже не сможет ходить на Земле — для восстановления потребуется огромное количество времени. Для тренировки на МКС используются велотренажер, беговая дорожка и другие инструменты.

Как тренируются космонавты до и после полета в космос? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Тренировка на МКС

Тренировки после приземления

После возвращения на Землю, каждый космонавт проходит восстановление. Дело в том, что даже при регулярных занятиях в космосе, организм человека все равно ослабевает. Возвратившись, некоторые люди даже не могут поднять руки — тело привыкает к тому, что для движения в невесомости достаточно пошевелить пальцами. Во время восстановления, космонавты регулярно плавают, посещают сауну для тренировки сосудов и так далее. Длительность восстановления зависит от того, сколько времени космонавт провел на станции. Чем дольше человек находился в космосе, тем больше дней уходит на привыкание к земным условиям.

Как тренируются космонавты до и после полета в космос? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Космонавты и астронавты после полета чувствуют себя не лучшим образом

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Важно отметить, что примерно такие же тренировки проходят и космические туристы. В 2021 году было совершено достаточно большое количество туристических полетов, и все участники этих миссий проходили программу тренировки, хоть и заметно сокращенной. Однако, уже в 2022 году космические туристы впервые выйдут в открытый космос и испытают новые скафандры. Подробнее о грядущей миссии читайте в этом материале.

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