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26.07.2024
8 4 minutes read

По словам ученых, мох, растущий в пустыне Мохаве и Антарктиде, может стать ключевым инструментом для озеленения и развития жизни на Марсе. Все потому, что растение процветает в самых разных условиях, от Антарктиды до пустыни Мохаве в Калифорнии (США), и, как недавно выяснили исследователи, может выжить на суровой поверхности Марса без какой-либо защиты. Разновидность мха под названием Syntrichia caninervis способна противостоять условиям, аналогичным марсианским, включая засуху, высокий уровень радиации и экстремально низкие температуры, а значит может стать ключом к озеленению Красной планеты. В дикой природе этот мох образует обширный и прочный растительный покров, часто встречающийся на засушливых землях. Так что будущую цивилизацию на Марсе может сопровождать это очень необычное и жизнестойкое маленькое растение.

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Ученые выяснили, какие растения могут расти на Марсе. Изображение: d.newsweek.com

Пустынный мох Syntrichia caninervis – многообещающий кандидат на роль растения-первопроходца для колонизации внеземных сред обитания, а его изучение закладывает основу для создания биологически устойчивых мест обитания человека за пределами Земли.

Содержание

  • 1 Колонизация Марса
  • 2 Мох и радиация
    • 2.1 Экстремальные условия
  • 3 Растение-первопроходец

Колонизация Марса

Согласно новой статье, недавно опубликованной в журнале The Innovation, разновидность мха, обнаруженного в пустыне и получившего название Syntrichia caninervis, может выжить и расти в суровых условиях Марса – то есть при температурах, достигающих -196 градусов Цельсия. Это крохотное растение также может выдерживать уровни гамма-излучения, которые убили бы большинство других форм жизни (гамма-излучение опасно для большинства живых существ из-за его высокой энергии, которая разрушает клетки). Мох Syntrichia caninervis отлично приспособлен к крайне засухе и холоду, словом, идеально подходит для поверхности Красной планеты.

Напомним, что потенциальное освоение человеком Марса и его заселение – вопрос далекого будущего. Во-первых, там нечем дышать – марсианская разреженная атмосфера состоит в основном из углекислого газа с небольшим количеством азота, аргона и водяного пара. Во-вторых, средняя температура поверхности ближайшей к Земле планеты, по данным NASA, составляет -60°С, а зимой ближе к полюсам может опускаться до -125°С. Летним днем у экватора воздух нагревается до +20°С, правда ночи на Марсе все-равно холодные (-73°С).

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Условия на Марсе не подходят для известной нам жизни. Изображение: cff2.earth.com

В-третьих, вода на Марсе существует в основном в виде льда, а полярные ледяные шапки состоят из замороженного углекислого газа (сухого льда) и воды. На Марсе также нет магнитного поля, как на Земле, а это означает, что все, что находится на его поверхности, подвергается воздействию высоких уровней космической радиации, которые представляют значительный риск для людей-исследователей и всего, что можно вырастить в марсианской почве.

Читайте также: Почему Марс имел больше шансов на зарождение жизни, чем Земля

Мох и радиация

Недавно ученые провели первое в своем роде исследование, результаты которого дарят надежду всем будущим колонизаторам Марса. Авторы работы, ознакомиться с которой можно в научном журнале The Innovation, протестировали мох Syntrichia caninervis на его способность выдерживать условия в космосе или на другой планете. Так как на Земле мох произрастает в самых суровых условиях – от Тибета до Антарктиды – то является идеальным кандидатом для переселения человечества на другие небесные тела.

Исследователи подвергли Syntrichia caninervis серии строгих испытаний в лаборатории, доведя растение до предела. Чтобы оценить устойчивость мха к сильным холодам, китайские ученые хранили его при температуре -80°C в специализированной морозильной камере в течение трех и пяти лет. Кроме того, они выдерживали его при температуре -196°C в резервуаре с жидким азотом в течение 15 и 30 дней. В каждом из сценариев растениям удавалось регенерировать после оттаивания.

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Мох Syntrichia caninervis встречается в засушливых районах Евразии и Северной Америки. Изображение: cff2.earth.com

Итак, после размораживания исследователи обнаружили, что мох восстанавливается и растет. Более того, если перед этим растение было обезвожено, то восстанавливалось быстрее. Они также протестировали Syntrichia caninervis при различных дозах облучения и выяснили, что мох выживает и даже процветает при уровнях до 500 Гр (грей – это единица измерения поглощенной дозы ионизирующего излучения).

Не пропустите: Илон Маск хочет отправить на Марс миллион человек — они больше не вернутся на Землю

Напомним, что 1 Гр — это такая доза, при которой массе 1 кг передается энергия ионизирующего излучения в 1 джоуль. Внесистемной единицей поглощенной дозы является рад., следовательно 1 Гр = 100 рад. Для сравнения, люди обычно умирают после воздействия около 8 Гр.

Экстремальные условия

Затем ученые объединили все марсианские факторы окружающей среды и подвергли растение воздействию низких температур, низкого атмосферного давления (на Марсе атмосферное давление намного ниже, чем на Земле), воздуха, который на 95% состоит из углекислого газа (CO2) и высокого уровня ультрафиолетового излучения. Полученные результаты показали, что если мох был предварительно высушен, то через 30 дней он восстанавливался на 100%, в то время как другие растения, получавшие воду, также восстанавливались, но гораздо медленнее.

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Графический материал из статьи. Возможно, этот мох способен расти в марсианских условиях. Изображение: The Innovation, Li et al., 2024.

Наше исследование показывает, что экологическая устойчивость мха Syntrichia caninervis превосходит таковую у некоторых высокоустойчивых к стрессу микроорганизмов и тихоходок. Более того, это растение не только не подвергается катастрофическому повреждению клеток, но и демонстрирует невероятную естественную адаптацию, – пишут авторы научной работы, в том числе экологи Даоюань Чжан и Юаньмин Чжан, а также ботаник Тингюнь Куанг из Китайской академии наук.

Выращивание наземных растений на Марсе может помочь ученым сделать его засушливую поверхность хотя бы немного более пригодной для жизни. «Уникальные знания, полученные в ходе нашего исследования, закладывают основу для колонизации космического пространства с использованием растений, отобранных естественным путем и адаптированных к экстремальным стрессовым условиям», – отмечают эксперты.

Чтобы всегда быть в курсе последних новостей из мира науки и высоких технологий, подписывайтесь на наш канал в Telegram – так вы точно не пропустите ничего интересного!

Несмотря на то, что это интересная находка, впереди еще очень много работы, прежде чем мы, люди, начнем выращивать эти виды растений в тестовом режиме на марсианской почве. Мало того, что сначала нужно добраться до Марса, который находится в 225 миллионах километров от Земли, но и исследования жизни растений в космосе все еще находятся на начальных этапах. Следующим шагом, по мнению исследователей, будет тестирование этого мха в реальных космических условиях – так они смогут увидеть, можно ли воспроизвести полученные результаты на Земле.

Растение-первопроходец

Хотя для создания самодостаточных сред обитания на других планетах придется пройти долгий путь, авторам нового исследования удалось продемонстрировать огромный потенциал мха Syntrichia caninervis как новаторского растения, подходящего для суровых марсианских условий.

Заглядывая в будущее, мы надеемся, что этот многообещающий мох можно будет доставить на Марс или Луну, чтобы продолжить изучать возможности колонизации и роста растений в космическом пространстве, – заключают авторы исследования.

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Мох Syntrichia caninervis может использоваться на Марсе для поддержания экосистемы, способствуя выработке кислорода и связыванию углерода, и плодородие почвы. Изображение: scx2.b-cdn.net

Самое главное, пожалуй, заключается в том, что Syntrichia caninervis может способствовать управлению атмосферными, геологическими и экологическими процессами, необходимыми для других высших растений и животных и в то же время способствовать созданию новой среды обитания, благоприятной для долгосрочного расселения людей.

Вам будет интересно: В интернете обсуждают фотографию с «пауками на Марсе». Что это такое на самом деле?

Таким образом этот удивительно жизнестойкий мох продемонстрировал свой потенциал в качестве растения-первопроходца для выращивания на Марсе, Луне или других планетах. Кажется, герой Мэтта Деймона в фильме «Марсианин» зря выращивал картошку.

Источник

26.07.2024
8 4 minutes read
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Древние пожары уже приводили к массовому вымиранию, ситуация повторяется? — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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22.08.2023

Почему 300 миллионов лет назад на Земле жили гигантские насекомые — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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09.06.2024

Вредно ли постоянно слушать музыку в наушниках — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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08.10.2024

Как искусственный интеллект распознает изображения — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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