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10.10.2023
29 6 minutes read

Каждый октябрь Шведская королевская академия наук называет лауреатов премий в различных областях науки, включая литературу и экономику. В этом году победители были объявлены в период со 2 по 9 октября, а отмеченные наградами научные открытия поражают воображение. Судите сами: работа лауреатов Нобелевской премии по физике буквально проливает свет на движение электронов внутри атомов и молекул, что ранее считалось невозможным, а премия по химии присуждена за создание настолько малых частиц, что их свойства определяются квантовыми явлениями. И, конечно, не обошлось без COVID-19 – премия по физиологии и медицине досталась ученым, чьи исследования позволили разработать эффективные мРНК-вакцины против коронавирусной инфекции. В этой статье рассказываем обо всех лауреатах Нобелевской премии 2023 года.

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Ежегодно присуждается шесть Нобелевских премий, каждая из которых признает новаторский вклад отдельного человека или организации в определенной области.

Содержание

  • 1 Кто и когда присуждает Нобелевскую премию?
  • 2 Нобелевская премия по физиологии и медицине
  • 3 Нобелевская премия по физике
  • 4 Нобелевская премия по химии
  • 5 Нобелевская премия по экономике
  • 6 Нобелевская премия по литературе
  • 7 Нобелевская премия мира

Кто и когда присуждает Нобелевскую премию?

Ежегодно, начиная с 10 декабря 1901 года, Шведская королевская академия наук присуждает шесть Нобелевских премий, каждая из которых признает новаторский вклад отдельного человека или организации в определенной научной области. Премии присуждаются за достижения в области физиологии и медицины, физики, химии, экономических наук, литературы и миротворческой деятельности.

Лауреаты традиционно получают диплом о присуждении Нобелевской премии, медаль и документ с подробным описанием премиальной суммы, которая в 2023 году составляет 11 миллионов шведских крон, или около одного миллиона долларов. Церемония награждения победителей пройдет в Стокгольме в декабре.

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Со 2 по 9 октября в Стокгольме и Осло называют имена новых обладателей Нобелевских премий.

Подробнее о том, как и когда появилась Нобелевская премия мы рассказывали ранее, рекомендуем к прочтению!

Напомним, что в 2022 году лауретами Нобелевской премии стали физики Ален Аспе, Джон Клаузер и Антон Цайлингер, которые удостоились награды за эксперименты по квантовой запутанности. Их открытия, по мнению представителей Нобелевского комитета, в будущем могут привести к созданию квантовой телепортации.

Нобелевская премия по физиологии и медицине

В мае 2023 года Всемирная организация здравоохранения объявила об окончании пандемии COVID-19, которая бушевала три года и унесла почти 7 миллионов жизней. Несмотря на чрезвычайную ситуацию в области здравоохранения, скорость разработки вакцин против коронавирусной инфекции стала беспрецедентной.

На момент написания этой статьи было введено более 13,5 миллиардов доз вакцин против COVID-19, а более 70% населения земного шара получило по крайней мере одну дозу. Учитывая проделанную исследователями работу, Нобелевский комитет присудил премию по физиологии и медицине ученым, чьи открытия привели к разработке мРНК вакцин Pfizer-BioNTech и Moderna.

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Награду за открытие в области медицины и физиологии присудили биохимикам Каталин Карико (Венгрия) и Дрю Вайсману (США) за работу по модификации нуклеозидных оснований.

Больше по теме: Мифы и факты о вакцинации против COVID-19. Разбираем на пальцах

Напомним, что вакцины, созданные на основе мРНК, содержат в своем составе матричную (информационную) рибонуклеиновую кислоту (РНК). После инъекции клетки организма поглощают вакцину, однако в ядро клетки (где содержится ДНК), она не проникает. Некоторые исследователи считают, что именно мРНК вакцины могут помочь в изготовлении вакцин против других смертельных болезней.

Лауреатами Нобелевской премии по физиологии и медицине 2023 стали венгерский ученый Каталин Карико и ее коллега из США Дрю Вайсман. Исследователи встретились в 1998 году и с тех пор работают вместе.

В 2005 году Карико и Вайсман начали работу по «модификации нуклеозидных оснований», которые не дают иммунной системе запускать воспалительную реакцию на мРНК лабораторного происхождения. Именно это открытие имело решающее значение для разработки эффективной мРНК вакцины против COVID-19.

Нобелевская премия по физике

В этом году внимание Нобелевского комитета привлекли трое Пьер Агостини, Ференц Крауш и Энн Л’Улье, которые буквально пролили свет на движение электронов внутри атомов и молекул, что ранее считалось невозможным. На сайте Нобелевского комитета говорится, что исследователи удостоились премии «за экспериментальные методы, генерирующие аттосекундные импульсы света для изучения динамики электронов в веществе».

Эта хитрая формулировка означает, что эксперименты, проведенные физиками, позволили получить невероятно короткие световые импульсы, измеряемые в аттосекундах, тем самым продемонстрировав, что эти импульсы можно использовать для получения изображений процессов внутри атомов и молекул. Впервые в истории.

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В будущем станет легче обнаруживать следы болезней благодаря работе трех лауреатов Нобелевской премии по физике.

Аттосекунда — это одна квинтиллионная (1: 1.000.000.000.000.000.000) доля секунды. Чтобы ее получить, нужно сначала разделить секунду на миллион частей, затем еще на миллион, и потом – еще раз.

Представители Нобелевского комитета отмечают, что в будущем исследования Пьера Агостини из университета Огайо, Ференца Крауза из Института Макса Планка и Анн Л’Юйе из Лундского университета, помогут создать инструмент для обнаружения болезнетворных молекул в образцах крови. «Способность генерировать аттосекундные импульсы света открывает дверь в крошечный, чрезвычайно крошечный масштаб времени и мир электронов», – сказала Ева Олссон из Комитета по отбору лауреатов Нобелевской премии по физике.

Нобелевская премия по химии

Лауреаты Нобелевской премии по химии 2023 года отмечены Шведской королевской академией наук за новаторскую работу в области нанотехнологий, а именно «за открытие и синтез квантовых точек – частиц настолько малых, что их свойства определяются квантовыми явлениями». Это означает, что квантовые точки (наночастицы) настолько малы, что их размер определяет их свойства. Премия присуждена химикам Мунги Бавенди, Луиcу Брюсу и Алексею Екимову.

Долгое время никто не думал, что на самом деле можно создать такие маленькие частицы. Но лауреатам 2023 года это, наконец, удалось, – сказал Йохан Оквист, председатель Нобелевского комитета по химии, во время пресс-конференции.

Все началось в 1980-х годах, когда российский химик Алексей Екимов создал зависящие от размера квантовые эффекты в цветном стекле и продемонстрировал, что размер частиц влияет на цвет стекла с помощью квантовых эффектов.

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Премия присуждена химикам Мунги Бавенди, Луиcу Брюсу и Алексею Екимову.

Позже Брус стал первым ученым в мире, доказавшим, что зависящие от размера квантовые эффекты в частицах свободно плавают в жидкости. В 1993 году Бавенди произвел революцию в химическом производстве квантовых точек – его методы привели к получению почти идеальных частиц, необходимых для использования в широком спектре применений.

Еще больше интересных статей о последних открытиях в области науки и высоких технологий читайте на нашем канале в Яндекс.Дзен – там регулярно выходят статьи, которых нет на сайте!

Отметим, что квантовые точки являются самыми маленькими компонентами нанотехнологий, которые сегодня можно встретить повсюду – от компьютерных мониторов и телевизионных экранов, до биотехнологий и медицины. Так, с помощью квантовых точек хирурги могут составлять подробные карты тканей и эффективно удалять раковые опухоли.

Нобелевская премия по экономике

В этом году премия в области экономических наук памяти Альфреда Нобеля была присуждена профессору Гарвардского университета Клаудии Голдин за “понимание результатов работы женщин на рынке труда”. Голдин представила первый всеобъемлющий отчет о доходах и участии женщин на рынке труда на протяжении веков, собрав данные по США за более чем 200 лет.

Работа Голдин показала, что участие женщин на рынке труда сократилось с началом промышленной революции, а также объяснила сохраняющийся разрыв в доходах между полами, – объясняют представители Нобелевского комитета.

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В 2023 году Нобелевским лауреатом по экономике стала профессор Гарварда и научный сотрудник Национального бюро экономических исследований США Клаудия Голдин.

Представители Шведской королевской академии наук отмечают, что понимание роли женщин в сфере труда невероятно важно для общества, а новаторское исследование Клаудии Голдин позволяет гораздо больше узнать
о том, какие важные факторы лежат в основе существующего неравенства и как с ним бороться.

Вам будет интересно: Почему не существует Нобелевской премии по математике

Нобелевская премия по литературе

Лауреатом Нобелевской премии по литературе в 2023 году стал Джон Фосс, один из самых известных драматургов в мире. Его разностороннее творчество включает в себя все – от пьес и романов, написанных в сдержанном минималистском стиле, до поэтических сборников, эссе и детских книг. К основным произведениям Фосса относятся романы «Эллинг» (1989) и «Меланхолия» I и II (1995–1996).

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Шведская академия в Стокгольме высоко оценила новаторские пьесы норвежского драматурга.

По произведениям норвежского драматурга было поставлено более 1000 различных пьес, а его работы переведены на 40 языков. Член Шведской академии Андерс Олссон сказал, что работа Фоссе «затрагивает самые глубокие чувства, которые только можно испытать«.

Не пропустите: Что такое «Задача трех тел» и почему ее невозможно решить?

Нобелевская премия мира

Лауреатом Нобелевской премии мира 2023 стала иранская активистка и вице-президент правозащитной организации Наргес Мохаммади, заключенная в тюрьму в Тегеране. В сумме Мохаммади проведет в заключении 12 лет. Обладательница Нобелевской премии мира родилась в 1972 году, а правозащитной деятельностью занялась будучи студенткой-физиком. В 2003 году Мохаммади стала сотрудничать с Центром защиты прав человека в Тегеране, основанным лауреатом Нобелевской премии мира Ширин Эбади.

Эта премия – прежде всего признание очень важной работы целого движения в Иране, с его бесспорным лидером Наргес Мохаммади. Только обеспечив равные права для всех, мир сможет достичь братства между нациями, к которому стремился Альфред Нобель, – сказала глава Норвежского Нобелевского комитета Берит Рейсс-Андерсен.

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Лауреатом Нобелевской премии мира 2023 года стала иранская активистка и вице-президент правозащитной организации Наргиз Мохаммади

Это интересно: История создания премии «Оскар»: кто ее придумал и как выбирают победителей?

На сайте Нобелеского комитета говорится, что премия мира 2023 года также присуждается сотням тысяч людей, которые на протяжении последнего года протестовали в Иране против дискриминации женщин. Присуждение премии Наргес Мохаммади следует давней традиции, в соответствии с которой Норвежский Нобелевский комитет присуждает премию мира тем, кто работает над продвижением социальной справедливости и прав человека.

Источник

10.10.2023
29 6 minutes read
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04.10.2023

В Германии обнаружен средневековый текст, вызывающий сатану — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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20.12.2023

Землетрясение в Японии повредило атомную электростанцию. 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08.01.2024

В каком возрасте человек становится действительно взрослым — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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