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После трагического случая с подводным аппаратом “Титан”, произошедшим в июне 2023 года когда команда пыталась погрузиться к месту крушения “Титаника”, многих заинтересовало такое явление, как имплозия, или взрыв направленный внутрь. Напомним, что батискаф “Титан” не выдержал колоссального давления на большой глубине, в результате чего его стенки просто схлопнулись, несмотря на то, что были выполнены из титана, и изначально создавались для погружения на большую глубину. Но почему в таком случае не взорвались бутылки с шампанским, обнаруженные исследователями на дне рядом с останками корабля, неужели стекло бутылки прочнее титановых стенок батискафа?
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Археологи часто находят рядом с затонувшими кораблями бутылки с шампанским
Почему некоторые предметы не взрываются на большой глубине
Имплозия возникает при большой разнице между внутренним и внешним давлением, если стенки не в состоянии выдержать это давление. Сильный взрыв попросту уравнивает давление внутри и снаружи, в результате чего стенки схлопываются, как это произошло с “Титаном”. Надо сказать, что Имплозия может произойти не только в воде на большой глубине, но и на поверхности. Например, это нередко происходит с цистернами, когда давление в них становится сильно ниже атмосферного.
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Отсюда следует, что имплозия может не произойти только в двух случаях — если давление внутри и снаружи выровняется в результате разгерметизации, как это произошло с самим “Титаником”, либо стенки способны выдержать внешнее давление, как у надежных батискафов, которые опускаются на большую глубину. И это правило распространяется абсолютно на все предметы, в том числе и бутылки с шампанским.
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Бутылки с шампанским, обнаруженные на дне рядом с затонувшим «Титаником»
Почему на большой глубине не взорвались
Бутылки часто находят невредимыми на дне возле потерпевших крушение кораблей. Например, шампанское доставали с глубины 50 метров, и оно было вполне пригодным для питья. Но в чем секрет? Во-первых, в бутылке с шампанском изначально давление выше атмосферного, причем существенно — оно достигает 6 бар, то есть шести атмосферных давлений. Кроме того, шампанское разливают в прочные бутылки, которые выдерживают давление до 20 бар.
Это позволяет шампанскому выдерживать глубину в сотни метров. Причем только на глубине около 60 метров давление снаружи и внутри бутылки выравнивается, соответственно ей в таких условиях вообще ничего не угрожает. В эксперименте на видео ниже, бутылка с шампанским выдержала давление, которое возникает на глубине 1940 метров, а «на глубине» примерно 1950 метров бутылка взорвалась. Но “Титаник”, как известно, находится на глубине 3800 метров. Это значит, что давление на дне составляет 381 бар.
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Версию о том, что в XIX веке делали сверхпрочные бутылки, способные выдержать подобное давление, отбросим сразу. Если раньше бутылки и были прочнее, то не до такой степени. Но даже если представить, что стекло способно выдержать давление на глубине почти 4 км, пробку от бутылки просто вдавило бы внутрь. Причем это произошло бы до того, как бутылка оказалась на дне.
Если стекло и пробка не способны выдержать такое давление, остается только один вариант — бутылка разгерметизировалась, и вода попала внутрь, в результате чего давление снаружи и внутри выровнялось. Если обратить внимание на пробку бутылки на фото, вы заметите, что она сильно деформирована и повреждена. Очевидно, в этом и заключается весь секрет — бутылка была разгерметизирована по мере погружения на дно. В противном бы случае с ней произошло то же самое, что и с бутылкой во время эксперимента на видео.
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Неоткрытая бутылка с шампанским, найденная на месте крушения «Титаника»
Правда, во время эксперимента обе бутылки взорвались, так как пробки обеспечивали герметичность. Однако во время второго эксперимента, когда бутылка взорвалась, пробка резко сжалась, так как давление начало на нее воздействовать со всех сторон, но затем она быстро приняла свой нормальный объем, так как ячейки в пористой структуре пробки разгерметизировались.
Переходите по ссылке на наш ДЗЕН КАНАЛ. Мы подготовили для вас множество интересных, захватывающих материалов, посвященных науке.
Напоследок напомним, что не все бутылки с “Титаника” утонули. Одна достигла берега Канады спустя более 100 лет после крушения корабля. Речь о бутылке с запиской, написанной 12-летней девочкой Матильдой Лефевр, которая в итоге погибла. Подробнее почитать об этой записке можно по ссылке.
