Почему растения зеленые? 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В мире полно красок: небо голубое, камни серые, огонь оранжевый и так далее. Но одно неизменно — большинство растений на планете окрашены в зеленый цвет. Он буквально символизирует жизнь на Земле. И хотя среди цветов можно найти разнообразные виды вроде ярко-красных роз, зеленый остается доминирующим. Мы принимаем это как должное, но задумывались ли вы о том, почему именно зеленый цвет захватил растительное царство? Почему не синий, не фиолетовый или красный? Оказалось, причина этого выбора природы намного сложнее, чем кажется на первый взгляд.
![Почему растения зеленые? 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Зеленый цвет растений — это результат долгой эволюции. Источник изображения: wallpapers.99px.ru
Растения с синими цветами
Хотя зеленый цвет доминирует в растительном мире, это не значит, что растения полностью лишены других оттенков. Есть несколько по-настоящему удивительных представителей флоры, которые гордо носят синий цвет.
Среди них числятся такие популярные садовые цветы, как гортензии (Hydrángea), васильки (Centauréa) и дельфиниумы (Delphínium). Эти растения не просто привлекают внимание своей красотой, но также разрушают миф о том, что зеленый — единственный цвет природы.
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Васильки — крайне распространенные в России цветы. Источник изображения: dzen.ru
Есть и более экзотические примеры вроде растения пуйя альпийская (Pūya alpēstris), с поразительными лазурными цветами, или морской падуб. Даже такие знакомые растения, как пролеска (Scílla) и люпин (Lupinus), также представлены в голубых тонах.
Почему черника на самом деле не синяя
Среди синих растений есть и самозванцы. Например, черника хоть и кажется синей, на самом деле не содержит в себе красителей такого цвета. О том, почему черника кажется синей, рассказали авторы IFL Science.
Черника только кажется синей, на самом деле ее синева является оптической иллюзией. В 2024 году исследователи из Университета Бристоля выяснили, что в чернике нет синего пигмента. Несмотря на внешний вид, ее цвет обусловлен не пигментацией, а взаимодействием света с поверхностью ягод. Антоцианы, содержащиеся в чернике, имеют темно-красный оттенок, а синий цвет возникает благодаря тонкому слою воска, покрывающему плод. Этот слой, толщиной всего в два микрона, рассеивает синий и ультрафиолетовый свет, создавая иллюзию синевы.
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Из черники невозможно выдавить синий краситель. Источник изображения: iflscience.com
Когда исследователи удалили этот восковой налет, они обнаружили, что он состоит из микроскопических кристаллических структур, которые играют ключевую роль в создании синего оттенка. Примечательно , что у большинства растений тоже есть такой налет, но его влияние на окраску плодов до этого момента оставалось незамеченным.
Читайте также: Самые ядовитые растения в мире
Почему в природе мало синего цвета
В растительном мире синий цвет встречается редко, потому что это невыгодно для самих растений. Для получения энергии растения используют свет, чтобы осуществлять фотосинтез. Синий свет содержит максимум энергии, поэтому растения хотят его поглощать, а не отражать. Если бы листья были синими, они бы отражали этот ценный свет, что затрудняло бы их рост. Именно поэтому большинство растений зеленые – они поглощают синий и красный свет, а зеленый отражают.
![Почему растения зеленые? 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Некоторые растения ярким цветом предупреждают, что они ядовитые. Источник изображения: iflscience.com
Но почему некоторые растения синие? У многих растений цветы окрашены в синий оттенок потому, что он помогает привлекать пчел, которые по неизвестным причинам особенно чувствительны к синеватым оттенкам. Хотя создавать синий пигмент сложно и этот процесс требует много энергии, растения, которые зависят от опыления пчелами, используют его как способ выделиться среди других цветов. Поэтому синий цвет в растениях встречается реже, но для опыления он играет важную роль.
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Синий цвет привлекает пчел, но ученые не знают точно, почему. Источник изображения: rtraveler.ru
Итак, зеленый цвет растений — это результат эволюционной необходимости. Растения поглощают синий свет для фотосинтеза, а синий цвет, который мы видим на некоторых цветах, — это редкость, связанная с привлечением насекомых-опылителей.
Обязательно подпишитесь на наш Дзен-канал. Нас уже более 100 тысяч человек!
Если вам кажется, что растения молчаливы и статичны, спешим вас удивить — они общаются друг с другом! Относительно недавно ученым удалось впервые снять это на видео, и вы просто обязаны это увидеть.
