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В 2022 году ученые завершили исследование «Геном человека» — самый крупный биологический проект в истории науки. В его рамках исследователям удалось определить все гены, содержащиеся в человеческом организме. Всего им удалось открыть 23 000 генов, хотя изначально предполагалось, что их более 100 тысяч. Число генов у человека оказалось лишь ненамного больше, чем у простых организмов вроде червей и мух. Это объясняется тем, что наши гены работают сложнее, поэтому наши организмы более развитые. В наших генах содержатся инструкции для выработки белков, которые нужны для работы организма. Гены определяют, какой у нас цвет глаз, рост и другие индивидуальные особенности. А где же они находятся? У нас что, внутри есть какой-то мешочек с генами?
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Гены находятся в каждой клетке живых организмов. Источник: azertag.az
Что такое хромосомы
Нет, никакого мешочка с генами в человеческом организме нет. Гены находятся в каждой клетке человеческого организма, число которых в теле взрослого человека достигает 30 триллионов штук.
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Гены находятся в глубинах наших клеток. Источник: 1informer.com
В ядре каждой клетки есть хромосомы, состоящие из длинных молекул ДНК, в которых и хранятся гены. Каждая клетка человека содержит 46 хромосом, унаследованных от отца и матери. Хранящиеся в хромосомах гены необходимы для выработки белков, которые играют главную роль в росте и развитии организма. Также гены передают информацию от родителей детям — поэтому каждый ребенок имеет общие внешние черты с отцом и матерью.
ВАЖНО: гены имеются во всех клетках человеческого тела, кроме красных кровяных клеток эритроцитов.
Клетки человеческого организма постоянно делятся для роста, восстановления тканей и замены старых клеток. Когда это происходит, хромосомы тоже копируются и распределяются между новыми клетками, чтобы они получили полный набор генетический информации человека.
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Примерный внешний вид хромосом человека. Источник: 1informer.com
В качестве простого примера можно представить, что хромосомы — это книжные полки в огромной библиотеке. На каждой из этих полок лежат книги (гены), содержащие в себе инструкции для создания частей тела и их функций. Когда библиотека делится надвое, создается ее копия с такими же книгами.
Читайте также: Ученые обнаружили гены, которые провоцируют шизофрению
Для чего нужны гены
Гены нужны не только для выработки белков, нужны для работы человеческого тела. Они носят в себе информацию о цвете глаз, росте и других особенностях, которые в разном соотношении передались от родителей. Иногда гены также несут информацию, которая делает людей склонными к разным болезням.
Благодаря генам, все живые организмы на Земле эволюционируют, привыкая к новым условиям окружающей среды. Когда происходят мутации, у организмов возникают новые функции, которые полезны для размножения и выживания в новых условиях.
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У генов много различных функций, о которых написано множество книг. Источник: gentech.ntr.ru
Для чего ученые изучают гены
Проект «Геном человека», безо всяких преувеличений, является одним из самых важных научных исследований в истории человечества. Зная о том, какие гены имеются в человеческом организме и как они работают, врачи могут прогнозировать у людей опасные заболевания и заранее проводить профилактику. Также, благодаря этим знаниям, они могут разрабатывать индивидуальные методы лечения болезней. Особых успехов ученые сегодня добиваются в области генной инженерии — недавно таким образом у одного мальчика была вылечена полная глухота.
Благодаря знаниям о генах, полиция имеет возможность быстрее находить преступников. На местах преступлений виновники часто оставляют свои генетические данные — их можно найти даже в мельчайших частицах кожи. Потом, путем сравнения ДНК, полиция создает «генетический отпечаток» человека, что очень помогает его найти.
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Благодаря генетическим следам, полиции удается ловить даже самых неуловимых преступников. Источник: kyurgaza.ru
Благодаря генетическим данным, ученым удается узнать много интересного даже об исторических личностях, живших сотни лет назад. Например, в 2023 году исследователям удалось выяснить много любопытных фактов о немецком композиторе Людвиге Бетховене. Данные из пучка волос музыканта показали, что у него была генетическая предрасположенность к болезням печени. При этом, генетических причин к глухоте у него не было, поэтому ученые до сих пор не знают, из-за чего великий композитор лишился слуха.
Прямо сейчас вы можете подписаться на наш Дзен-канал и оставлять комментарии. Это бесплатно!
Ученые до сих пор находят новые гены, которые отвечают за наши различные склонности. Например, однажды исследователи нашли генетическую причину того, почему некоторые люди набирают лишний вес.
