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В представлении большинства людей ад — это гигантская воронка, которая уходит в глубины Земли. Она состоит из девяти кругов, и чем сильнее грех человека, тем в более глубоком кругу он находится и проходит через жестокие наказания. Когда речь заходит о рае, многие из нас представляют прекрасное место где-то на небесах. Такие образы ада и рая были придуманы итальянским поэтом Данте Алигьери в поэме «Божественная комедия». Знаменитый мыслитель жил в 12–13 веке, и многие детали о его жизни известны нам только из сочинений людей, живших задолго после него. И нам до сих пор точно неизвестно, как он выглядел. Недавно ученые смогли воссоздать его внешность на основе реконструкции черепа — на сегодняшний день этот портрет Данте Алигьери можно назвать самым реалистичным.
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Результаты новой научной работы показали, что Данте Алигьери выглядел так
Каким был Данте Алигьери
Данте Алигьери стал иконой западной литературы благодаря множеству своих всемирно известных произведений. Его самой известной работой является «Божественная комедия», которая описывает путешествие в ад, рай и чистилище.
Несмотря на то, что его работы сохранились до наших времен и доступны всем желающим, внешность поэта остается загадкой. В интернете можно найти много его портретов, но они были написаны спустя многие годы со дня его смерти в далеком 1321 году.
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Данте на фреске виллы Кардуччо Андреа дель Кастаньо
По словам автора нового исследования Цицеро Мораеса, подробности о внешности великого поэта известны из биографии Данте, написанного поэтом Джованни Боккаччо. Он описал его как человека среднего роста с небольшой сутулостью, вытянутой формой лица, орлиным носом и большими глазами. Эти подробности Боккаччо собрал со слов людей, близких с поэтом. Но лично он его никогда не видел.
Читайте также: Александра Пушкина можно было спасти от смерти — правда или нет?
Портрет Данте Алигьери
Следовательно, все существующие портреты Данте Алигьери могут быть далекими от правды. Чтобы создать более реалистичный образ поэта, ученые использовали модель черепа, созданный на основе анализа его костей — такую работу ученые провели в далеком 1921 году. Также авторы нового исследования учитывали данные с 2007 года, в которых тоже говорилось о форме и других особенностях его черепа.
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Модель черепа Данте Алигьери
Создав модель черепа Данте Алигьери, ученые при помощи компьютера «натянули» на нее виртуальную кожу. В итоге у них получился образ мужчины со слегка измученным лицом. Это можно объяснить тем, что судьба у итальянского поэта была непростой. Дело в том, что в 1302 году он был изгнан из родной Флоренции. Мужчина умер в итальянском городе Равенна в 1321 году. Считается, что поэт был изгнан после обвинений в коррупции и покровительстве.
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Современный портрет Данте Алигьери
Ученые отметили, что размер головы у Данте Алигьери был чуть больше, чем у всех остальных людей. Можно было бы подумать, что это было связано с его развитым умом. Но размер головы точно не является мерилом умственных способностей — это доказано наукой. У древних людей головной мозг был больше, чем у современных, но они не были умнее нас.
Вам будет интересно: Искусственный интеллект раскрыл секрет одной из картин Рафаэля
Как появился современный итальянский язык
Но спорить с тем, что Данте Алигьери был гениальной личностью, никто не станет. Он считается отцом итальянского языка, и это не просто громкое заявление. В своей «Божественной комедии» он использовал тосканский диалект, который в то время был одним из наиболее престижных и литературных в Италии. Это помогло утвердить тосканский диалект как базовую основу для будущего итальянского литературного языка.
Также Данте Алигьери сделал гениальный шаг, используя не латинский, а итальянский язык для своего произведения. Это сделало его поэму более доступной и понятной для максимально широкой аудитории, а не только для образованных священников и ученых. Его работа оказала огромное влияние на развитие итальянского языка. Он смог внести много новых слов и фраз, а также стандартизировал правила грамматики и орфографии.
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Так выглядит ад в представлении Данте Алигьери
Если вам понравился этот материал, обязательно почитайте нашу статью «Как бы выглядели Цезарь и другие исторические личности в современном мире». В нем мы собрали изображения с воссозданными лицами таких исторических личностей, как Гай Юлий Цезарь, Клеопатра, Наполеон Бонапарт, Элизабет Батори, Аристотель и так далее.
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Иногда ученые копают еще глубже и воссоздают лица древних людей. Например, в 2023 году мой коллега Андрей Жуков рассказал о том, как ученые реконструировали внешность человека-дракона — ближайшего родственника современных людей.
