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19.11.2023
32 5 minutes read

2023 год стал самым жарким за всю историю наблюдений, а ученые-климатологи всерьез обеспокоены последствиями изменения климата. Увы, но деятельность человека все больше влияет на окружающую среду, лишая многих животных привычного ареола обитания. Волны жары, изменение уровня осадков и подкисление океана превращают некогда стабильные регионы в экстремальные и заставляют животных приспосабливаться к новым условиям. Ранее результаты исследования, опубликованного в журнале CABI Reviews, показали, что воздействие изменения климата на животных является «многогранным» и оказывает влияние на питание, окружающую среду, поведение, физическое и психическое здоровье. Разбираемся как дикие животные реагируют на быстро меняющуюся окружающую среду и к каким последствиям это может привести.

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Последствия климатических изменений затрагивают не только человека и это – большая проблема

Содержание

  • 1 Климат и благополучие животных
    • 1.1 Изменение климата и домашние животные
  • 2 Как климат влияет на нервную систему животных?
  • 3 Изменение климата и эволюция
  • 4 Адаптация к новым условиям

Климат и благополучие животных

Результаты крупного обзора, опубликованного летом 2023 года показали, что риску воздействия изменения климата подвергаются летучие мыши, рыбки данио, лягушки, коалы, африканские слоны, куры и молочные коровы. И хотя существуют различия в биологических реакциях на стресс, предоставленная в исследовании модель в целом походит для оценки непосредственного воздействия климатических изменений на животных.

В работе представлены различные группы, охватывающие наземную и водную среду обитания, диких животных и одомашненные виды из разных стран. По словам авторов обзора, их исследование детально иллюстрирует последствия изменения климата для основных областей благополучия животных (питание, окружающую среду, поведение, физическое и психическое здоровье).

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Молочные коровы – самки крупного рогатого скота, то есть взрослые коровы, разводящиеся для получения большого количества молока. Молочный скот относится к виду Bos taurus.

Одним из наиболее ярких примеров является так называемый тепловой стресс у молочных коров, который привел к снижению производства молока на 35%. Тепловой стресс значительно влияет на показатели лактации, иммунную функцию и здоровье телят. В качестве борьбы с тепловым стрессом ученые предлагают соответствующие стратегии охлаждения, включая солнцезащитные навесы и разбрызгиватели.

Читайте также: Животные, которые вымерли недавно

От избыточного тепла страдают и цыплята—бройлеры, пребывающие в жарких условиях в течение четырех дней и более – у таких птиц развивается больше случаев некроза, что значительно снижает качество их жизни и мяса. Авторы работы отмечают, что благополучие птиц, особенно зрелых особей, в более теплых условиях вызывает серьезную озабоченность.

Птицы обладают ограниченной способностью к терморегуляции, поскольку у них отсутствуют потовые железы. В результате им приходится тяжело дышать и пить больше воды. Соответственно, для поддержания оптимальной производственной температуры на птицефермах могут потребоваться кондиционеры, – говорится в работе.

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Даже если ограничить антропогенные выбросы парниковых газов, доля непригодных для индийских слонов местообитаний к концу века может вырасти на треть.

Засуха и нехватка ресурсов также являются ключевыми причинами гибели слонов: будучи крупнейшими из ныне живущих наземных млекопитающих, слонам требуется значительные количество пищи и воды. Но по мере того, как засухи становятся все более частыми и продолжительными, доступ к воде и растительному покрову затрудняется, что усиливает стресс и способствует повышенной смертности слонов.

Больше по теме: Истинные масштабы изменения климата хуже чем считалось раньше

Изменение климата и домашние животные

Домашние кошки и собаки также ощущают на себе последствия климатических изменений. Исследователи отмечают, что некоторые породы собак подвержены тепловому удару, а заболевания, связанные с жарой, являются основной причиной смерти служебных собак. Так, 87% владельцев собак в Великобритании сообщили ученым, что меньше выгуливают питомцев в жаркую погоду.

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Избыточный вес у собак чреват серьезными проблемами со. здоровьем

Постепенное повышение глобальной температуры потенциально может привести к ухудшению качества жизни собак и изменить их роль в человеческом обществе, – пишут исследователи.

Поскольку изменение климата приводит к экологическим ограничениям все большего числа животных, как дикие, так и одомашненные виды пострадают от экстремальных изменений окружающей среды. Так, рост средней температуры на планете уже привел к тому, что коалы затрачивают больше энергии для поддержания температуры тела, питаясь менее качественной пищей.

Еще больше интересных статей о том, как климатические изменения и рост температур влияют на человека и животных, читайте на нашем канале в Яндекс.Дзен – там регулярно выходят статьи, которых нет на сайте!

Как климат влияет на нервную систему животных?

Нейробиологи также обеспокоены влиянием изменения климата на животных, так как их нервная система играет центральную роль в обеспечении и ограничении реакции на изменчивость окружающей среды. Чтобы разобраться как именно животные приспосабливаются к экстремальным температурам (и как это будет происходить в будущем) исследователи сконцентрировались на изучении работы мозга и центральной нервной системы.

Напомним, что основными функциями нервной системы являются распознавание ощущений, мышление и поведение, которые позволяют животным ориентироваться в окружающей среде чтобы выживать и размножаться. Изменение климата, вероятно, повлияет на эти функции в худшую сторону.

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Изменение климата сказывается на всех аспектах восприятия животными окружающей среды

Изменение температуры изменяет энергетический баланс экосистем – от растений, которые вырабатывают энергию из солнечного света, до животных, которые потребляют растения и других животных – что впоследствии меняет их восприятие мира. Вполне вероятно, что изменение климата бросит вызов зрению, вкусу, обонянию и осязанию у разных живых существ, – полагают исследователи.

Изменение климата также нарушает экологические сигналы, на которые животные полагаются при выборе места обитания, партнера и поиска пищи. Комары, например (переносчики паразитов и патогенных микроорганизмов), полагаются на температуру, чтобы ориентироваться в окружающей среде, а значит колебания температуры могут изменить место и время поиска хозяев, что приводит к изменениям в передаче болезней.

Это интересно: Почему в Антарктиде появились комары?

Негативное влияние на здоровье и поведение животных также оказывают сезонные изменения освещения (наравне со световым загрязнением). Такое положение вещей может привести к нарушению связи между продолжительностью светового дня и цветением растений, а также к нарушениям в поведении животных, таким как спячка и миграция.

Изменение климата и эволюция

Рост средней температуры на планете также может нарушить развитие и функционирование мозга животных, что потенциально негативно скажется на их способности эффективно адаптироваться к новой среде обитания. Ранее исследователи задокументировали, что экстремальные температуры могут изменять отдельные нейроны на генетическом и структурном уровнях, а также негативно сказываются на работе мозга в целом.

Более того, химическое изменение состава воды в результате климатического кризиса (в частности, подкисление океана), снижает когнитивные и сенсорные способности у рифовых рыб и акул. Среди негативных реакций на климатические изменения у животных также наблюдается смена местоположения, вплоть до изменения географических ареалов обитания.

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Изменение поведенческих реакций у животных может иметь серьезные последствия для окружающей среды и человека.

Не пропустите: Какие животные вымрут к 2050 году

Например, рыбы в потеплевших морях перемещаются в более прохладные и глубокие воды, где интенсивность освещения и цветовая гамма резко отличаются от тех, к которым привыкли их зрительные системы. Более того, поскольку не все виды изменят свое поведение одинаковым образом, виды, которые все же «переезжают» в новую среду обитания, время суток или сезон, столкнутся с новыми проблемами, включая поиск пищи, конкурентов и хищников, а также патогенные микроорганизмы.

Поведенческие сдвиги, вызванные изменением климата, приведут к перестройке экосистем по всему миру со сложными и непредсказуемыми результатами, – считают исследователи.

Результаты ранее проведенных исследований, сравнивающих виды, показали сильное влияние окружающей среды на эволюцию мозга. Нервные системы животных эволюционируют, чтобы соответствовать их сенсорному восприятию ареалу обитания. Эти закономерности предполагают, что новые климатические условия в конечном итоге приведут к эволюции нервной системы.

Вам будет интересно: Изменение климата в России: какая погода будет в будущем и что нам с этим делать?

Адаптация к новым условиям

Когда генетика оказывает сильное влияние на развитие мозга, нервная система, прекрасно адаптированная к местной среде, может утратить свои адаптивные преимущества из-за климатических изменений. Что, по мнению специалистов, может проложить путь к новым адаптивным решениям.

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Мозг животных удивительно гибок и способен существенно меняться даже во взрослом возрасте (в зависимости от условий окружающей среды)

По мере изменения диапазона и значимости сенсорных стимулов и сезонных сигналов естественный отбор будет отдавать предпочтение видам, обладающим новыми сенсорными или когнитивными способностями, – полагают эксперты.

Исследователи также отмечают, что более глубокое понимание того, как нервная система животных адаптируется к быстро меняющимся условиям окружающей среды, поможет предсказать, как изменение климата повлияет на все виды живых существ на нашей планете. О том, какое влияние климатический кризис оказывает на человека, можно прочитать здесь, не пропустите!

Источник

19.11.2023
32 5 minutes read
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26.09.2024

Почему самая дорогая еда в мире стоит 34 500 долларов за килограмм — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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29.09.2023

Веселая наука: зачем ученые лижут камни и считают волосы в носу? — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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11.10.2023
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