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Великая Китайская стена, длина которой составляет более 9 тысяч километров, это самый крупный архитектурный памятник в мире. Считается, что первые части этого колоссального сооружения были построены в 3 веке до нашей эры для того, чтобы защитить Китай от нападений кочевого народа хунну. Постепенно стену достраивали, это происходило вплоть до 17 века нашей эры. На протяжении многих веков сооружение подвергалось нападениям, а также воздействию различных стихийных бедствий. Большая часть архитектурного памятника уже разрушена, однако есть участки, которые поражают ученых своей стойкостью. Недавно авторы одной научной работы взяли образцы материалов, при помощи которых древние строители укрепляли стены. Кажется, исследователи раскрыли секрет прочности Китайской стены.

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Великая Китайская стена существует уже много веков, и до сих пор не рушится — этому дано неожиданное объяснение

Разрушение Великой Китайской стены

О результатах научной работы, в рамках которой ученые пытались раскрыть причину стойкости Великой Китайской стены, рассказали авторы научного издания IFL Science. По их словам, за последние 500 лет было разрушено около 30% стены, построенной во времена правления династии Мин. Великая минская империя существовала с 1368 по 1644 год, то есть разрушенные за последние несколько сотен лет участки стены являются относительно новыми.

В чем секрет прочности Китайской стены — почему она все еще не разрушилась? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Пик строительства Великой Китайской стены пришелся на времена правления династии Мин

В первую очередь, в разрушении сооружения виноваты нападения со стороны врагов. Также архитектурный памятник постепенно разрушается из-за воздействия дождя, сильной жары и более серьезных природных явлений. Также существует мнение, что сооружение разрушается под влиянием цианобактерий, лишайников и мха.

Читайте также: В Великой Китайской стене найдено 130 потайных ходов

Почему Китайская стена такая прочная

Однако, в ходе недавнего исследования было выяснено, что бактерии и мох наоборот, могут способствовать укреплению сооружения. По словам ученых, при строительстве стены в период между 1368 и 1644 годами для придания сооружению прочности люди использовали почву, гравий и другие природные материалы. Они стали отличным местом для размножения цианобактерий, лишайников и мха — можно сказать, что на Китайской стене образовалась биологическая корка.

В чем секрет прочности Китайской стены — почему она все еще не разрушилась? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Некоторые части Великой Китайской стены были отреставрированы

Это было доказано, когда ученые взяли образцы материалов из 8 участков стены эпохи династии Мин. Как оказалось, в 67% образцов действительно есть биокорка, состоящая из бактерий и мха. После этого открытия, ученые сравнили прочность стены с биологической коркой и без нее. Было выяснено, что корочка из различных бактерий действительно придает конструкции удивительную прочность.

В чем секрет прочности Китайской стены — почему она все еще не разрушилась? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Один из авторов научной работы берет образцы Китайской стены

Ученые отметили, что покрытые биологической пленкой стены оказались менее пористыми, то есть в них было минимум отверстий, в которые могла проникнуть провоцирующая разрушение вода. Они лучше удерживали влагу, меньше крошились, а также были более устойчивы к давлению, чем участки стены без защитной корки.

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Биологическая корка на Великой Китайской стене крупным планом

При этом, прочность стен также зависела от окружающих условий. Китайская стена очень длинная, поэтому на разные ее части воздействует разный климат. Например, некоторые участки сооружения находятся на засушливых территориях — там стенам придают прочность цианобактерии. Стены, которые находятся во влажных местах, получают большую защиту от мха.

Вам будет интересно: Самые редкие археологические находки — фотографии и факты

Тайны Китайской стены

Ученые считают, что биологическая пленка обеспечивает стенам прочность потому, что бактерии и мох выделяют вещества, которые со временем становятся прочными, как цемент. Они, впоследствии, могут смягчать воздействие дождя, ветра и изменений температуры. К сожалению, они никак не могут защитить стену от воздействия людей, а ведь самый большой урон наносим именно мы. Например, в сентябре 2023 года строители сильно повредили часть стены, которая находится на территории провинции Шаньси. Скорее всего, она уже не подлежит восстановлению.

В чем секрет прочности Китайской стены — почему она все еще не разрушилась? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Часть Китайской стены, которая была повреждена строителями

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Великая Китайская стена существует несколько тысяч лет и, казалось бы, ученые уже могли досконально ее изучить. Однако, исследователи до сих пор узнают о ней что-то интересное. Например, в 2020 году, у Китайской стены была найдена новая, ранее неизвестная часть. Это было сделано случайно, во время строительства дороги — строители внезапно для себя обнаружили руины древнего замка Цинпинбао. Как оказалось, он являлся частью Китайской стены на протяжении многих веков, но со временем оказался скрыт под землей. Во время раскопок ученым удалось найти как минимум два двора и стены нескольких строений.

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