В мире стало больше аномально жарких дней. 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01.06.2024
7 4 minutes read

Изменение климата уже оказывает влияние на повседневную жизнь, включая здоровье и экосистемы, от которых мы зависим. Ситуация осложняется тем, что даже сокращение глобальных выбросов углекислого газа едва ли изменит ситуацию – наводнения, засухи, аномальная жара и другие опасные явления, связанные с климатом, становятся (и будут становится) все интенсивнее и продолжительнее. На сегодняшний день экстремальные погодные явления стали причиной гибели от 85 000 до 145 000 человек по всей Европе за последние 40 лет. Более 85% этих смертей были вызваны аномальной жарой, а по данным недавно опубликованного отчета World Weather Attribution и Climate Central, почти все население планеты пострадало от экстремальной жары, вызванной антропогенным изменением климата. Так, за последние 12 месяцев во всех уголках мира в среднем 26 дней были «избыточными» днями экстремальной жары.

В мире стало больше аномально жарких дней. 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Экстремальная жара во всем мире набирает обороты. Изображение: www.princeton.edu

Содержание

  • 1 В мире стало больше аномально жарких дней
  • 2 Как жара влияет на организм
  • 3 Смертность и стихийные бедствия
    • 3.1 Ископаемое топливо

В мире стало больше аномально жарких дней

По данным отчета, опубликованного в конце мая Climate Central, Климатическим центром Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца и World Weather Attribution (WWA), 6,3 миллиарда человек – около 78% населения земного шара – за последние 12 месяцев пережили по меньшей мере 31 день аномальной жары, вероятность возникновения которой из-за антропогенного изменения климата возросла как минимум в два раза.

Так, в период с 15 мая 2023 года по 15 мая 2024 года в 90 странах произошло 76 экстремальных периодов сильной жары. К ним относятся регионы Глобального Юга, от Сахеля и Африканского Рога до Таиланда, Мьянмы, Вьетнама и Филиппин в Юго-Восточной Азии и Аргентины, Бразилии, Парагвая и Боливии в Южной Америке. В отчете дни экстремальной жары классифицируются как дни, когда температура превышает 90% от дневной температуры, зарегистрированной в данном месте в период с 1991 по 2020 год.

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Последствия изменения климата ощутимы уже сегодня. Изображение: Nasa.com

Антропогенное изменение климата усиливает экстремальную жару во всем мире, затрагивая миллиарды людей и угрожая продовольственной и водной безопасности, – говорится в отчете.

2023 год, как известно, стал самым жарким за всю историю наблюдений, чему во многом способствовал Эль-Ниньо, который резко повысил температуру по всему миру. Несмотря на постепенное ослабление, в этом году глобальные температуры продолжали повышаться, и апрель стал последним, 11-м месяцем подряд, когда были побиты рекорды.

Читайте также: Готовьтесь — летом Землю накроет рекордная испепеляющая жара

Результаты исследования показали, что за последние 12 месяцев из-за изменения климата в мире в среднем стало на 26 дней больше экстремально жарких дней, чего при отсутствии глобального потепления, не произошло бы. Однако в некоторых странах количество дней с повышенной температурой увеличилось в геометрической прогрессии: в Южной Америке в Суринаме было 158 экстремально жарких дней, в Эквадоре – 170, Сальвадоре – 148, Гайане – 141 и Панаме – 137.

Как жара влияет на организм

Аномальная жара быстро распространяется по всему миру, затрагивая миллиарды людей, и все большее число исследований указывают на изменение климата как на движущий фактор. По данным Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата (МГЭИК), с дальнейшим глобальным потеплением мы можем ожидать увеличения интенсивности, частоты и продолжительности периодов сильной жары.

Экстремальная жара негативно сказывается на здоровье человека, особенно затрагивая уязвимые категории населения, включая пожилых людей, беременных женщин, младенцев, спортсменов и тех, кто работает на открытом воздухе.

В мире стало больше аномально жарких дней. 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Количество аномально жарких дней в мире растет с каждым годом. Изображение: science.nasa.gov

Еще больше статей о последних открытиях в области науки и высоких технологий читайте на нашем канале в Яндекс.Дзен – там регулярно выходят статьи, которых нет на сайте!

Стресс, который оказывает на организм человека жара, препятствует нормальной повседневной деятельности и нашей способности охлаждаться должным образом. Районы с повышенной влажностью также могут подвергать жизни опасности. Пот помогает нашему телу охлаждаться, но влажность изменяет способ испарения пота с тела. Отсутствие возможности охладиться подвергает риску здоровье людей и может привести к развитию сердечно-сосудистых и респираторных заболеваний, обезвоживанию, тепловому удару, повышению кровяного давления и недосыпанию.

Смертность и стихийные бедствия

Оценка, проведенная Службой по изменению климата Copernicus (C3S) и Всемирной метеорологической организацией (ВМО) в апреле 2024 года, показала, что смертность от жары в Европе, где потепление происходит в два раза быстрее, чем на любом другом континенте, увеличилась примерно на 30% за последние два десятилетия, в то время как смертность от жары, по оценкам, составляет возросли в 94% европейских регионов, охваченных мониторингом.

Избыток тепла также негативно сказывается на водных и продовольственных ресурсах и угрожает как наземным, так и морским экосистемам. Недавние волны сильной жары в море и почти рекордные температуры в океане.

В мире стало больше аномально жарких дней. 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Экстремальная жара убивает. Изображение: grist.org

Это интересно: Леса перестают поглощать углерод — причина в изменении климата

Неуклонное повышение температуры океана негативно сказалось на коралловых рифах по всему миру, что привело к четвертому в истории глобальному обесцвечиванию кораллов и уже второму за это десятилетие. Эти важные экосистемы поддерживают по меньшей мере 25% морских видов и являются неотъемлемой частью поддержания обширной и взаимосвязанной сети морского биоразнообразия Земли и обеспечивают экосистемные услуги стоимостью до 9,9 трлн долларов в год.

Наводнения и ураганы могут попасть в заголовки газет, но последствия экстремальной жары в равной степени смертельны, – говорит Джаган Чапагайн, генеральный секретарь Международной федерации обществ Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца (IFRC).

В мире стало больше аномально жарких дней. 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Среднесуточная температура поверхности моря (°C), усредненная по внеполярному глобальному океану (60°южной широты-60°северной широты) за 2023 (оранжевый) и 2024 годы (темно–красный). Источник данных: ERA5. Изображение: C3S/ECMWF.

К настоящему времени в мире потеплело на 1,2°C по сравнению с доиндустриальным периодом, хотя данные свидетельствуют о том, что 20-40% мирового населения проживает в регионах, в которых к десятилетию 2006-2015 годов уже наблюдалось потепление более чем на 1,5°C по крайней мере за один сезон.

По данным МГЭИК, каждые 0,5°C глобального потепления приводят к заметному увеличению частоты и интенсивности экстремальных температур, обильных осадков и региональных засух.

Ископаемое топливо

Сжигание угля, природного газа и нефти для получения электроэнергии и тепла является крупнейшим источником глобальных выбросов парниковых газов, которые являются основными факторами глобального потепления, задерживая тепло в атмосфере и повышая температуру поверхности Земли.

За последние 50 лет мировое потребление ископаемого топлива более чем удвоилось, поскольку страны по всему миру стремятся повысить свой уровень жизни и экономический рост. В 2023 году все три наиболее мощных парниковых газа – углекислый газ (CO2), метан и закись азота – достигли рекордных уровней.

В мире стало больше аномально жарких дней. 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01.06.2024
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24.05.2024

Что происходит в нашем организме, когда мы голодны — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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10.08.2024

В Индии тигрица убила 436 человек — больше, чем любой серийный убийца — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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