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09.06.2024
7 3 minutes read

Более 300 миллионов лет назад, до появления динозавров, основными обитателями Земли были гигантские динозавры. Стрекозы были размером с голубя, длина многоножек была сравнима с размером автомобиля. Они вырастали до гигантских размеров по целому ряду причин. Во-первых, на размеры их тела влияли уникальные окружающие условия, совершенно не похожие на сегодняшние. Во-вторых, в те времена на планете не было рептилий, поэтому насекомые чувствовали себя в полной безопасности. Помимо гигантских насекомых, в те времена также жили огромные предки современных акул и гигантские земноводные создания. Период Земли, в котором живность обладала гигантскими размерами, называется каменноугольным периодом. Почему животные вырастали до немыслимых сегодня размеров именно в это время?

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В каменноугольном периоде нашей планеты жили гигантские насекомые. Источник: gazeta.ru

Каменноугольный период на Земле

Каменноугольный период, который начался 359 миллионов лет назад и закончился около 299 миллионов лет назад, считается одним из самых интересных периодов в истории Земли. В это время огромные части суши начали сдвигаться, и образовывать суперконтинент Пангея. Климат в те времена был теплый и влажный, на планете преобладали густые леса.

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Животный мир каменноугольного периода выглядел примерно так. Источник: paleohunters.ru

Гигантские насекомые на Земле

Животный мир в каменноугольном периоде в основном был представлен огромными насекомыми. Например, по воздуху летали поражающие своими размерами меганевры (Meganeura). Внешне они были похожи на современных стрекоз, однако размах их крыльев составлял 75 сантиметров. Больше всего пугает то, что эти создания были плотоядными — они охотились на других насекомых, а иногда и на земноводных существ.

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Меганевра в сравнении с человеком. Источник: autoparus.by

В то время как на небе летали гигантские стрекозы, по суше ползли артроплевры (Arthropleura). Эти похожие на нынешних многоножек создания вырастали до 2,5 метров и питались разлагающимися растениями. Окаменелые отпечатки тел этих существ в большом количестве обнаруживаются на территориях Польши, Германии, Бельгии и ряда других стран.

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Примерный внешний вид и размер артроплевра. Источник: geologyin.com

Помимо насекомых, в каменноугольном периоде можно было встретить еще более крупных существ. Например, тогда жили гигантские скорпионы рода Pulmonoscorpius. Они обитали в болотистых местностях и вырастали до 70-сантиметровой длины. Также на Земле было обилие гигантские тараканов длиной около 10 сантиметров.

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Древний скорпион Pulmonoscorpius. Источник: travelask.ru

Статья в тему: 326 миллионов лет назад на Земле жили многоножки размером с автомобиль

Почему древние животные были огромными

В каменноугольном периоде было очень много огромных животных, это понятно. Но по какой причине они так сильно вырастали? Этому есть сразу несколько причин.

В первую очередь гигантизм животных был связан с повышенным уровнем кислорода в атмосфере. Сегодня концентрация кислорода в воздухе составляет 21%, а в те времена этот показатель достигал 35%. Насекомые дышали и дышат не при помощи легких, а через сеть крошечных трубок, называемых трахеями. Более эффективное дыхание способствовало лучшему обмену веществ, благодаря чему насекомые и вырастали до невообразимых сегодня размеров.

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Природа каменноугольного периода. Источник: study.com

Также существует версия, что огромное количество кислорода вредило животным. Даже сегодня, если человек будет долго дышать насыщенным кислородом воздухом, ему станет плохо и долгосрочные последствия будут крайне плачевными. Ученые считают, что благодаря крупным телам, насекомые заметно уменьшали губительное воздействие кислорода.

Еще быстрому развитию насекомых способствовало отсутствие естественных врагов. Конечно, существовали животные, которые могли их съесть. Но птиц и млекопитающих в те времена еще не было, и насекомые чувствовали себя предельно спокойно и сами представляли опасность для другой живности. К тому же, они обладали крупными размерами — кто бы рискнул на ни напасть?

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От огромных насекомых даже люди предпочитали бы держаться подальше. Автор: Lucas Lima/Earth Archives

Со временем гигантские насекомые исчезли, потому что на Земле наступил пермский период. Климат значительно изменился, как и облик нашей планеты. Кислорода в воздухе стало значительно меньше, появились млекопитающие и другие создания, которые просто не дали бы огромным насекомых возможности выжить.

Хотите узнать об окружающем нас мире больше? Подпишитесь на наш Дзен-канал!

Но сами по себе насекомые никуда не исчезли. Более того, сегодня это самый разнообразный и многочисленный класс животных. К сожалению, из-за изменения климата и деятельности людей, некоторые виды насекомых исчезают. Если вам интересна эта тема, читайте наш материал «Самые редкие насекомые в мире — в дикой природе их осталось около 30 особей».

Источник

09.06.2024
7 3 minutes read
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13.08.2024

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06.04.2024

Эффект бабушки — как рацион предков отражается на ваших умственных способностях — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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16.08.2023

Астрономы годами смотрят на Магеллановы Облака: что они ищут? — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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