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29.06.2024
12 5 minutes read

Черные дыры – самые таинственные обитатели космоса. Ведь, как бы мы ни старались, мы никогда не узнаем что происходит за горизонтом событий. Эта пугающая темнота, из которой не может выбраться ничто, даже фотоны света. На протяжении многих десятилетий эти космические монстры считались гипотетическими объектами, а доказательство их существования казалось не мыслимым. То же самое можно сказать и о темной материи – гипотетической форме материи, не поддающейся наблюдению и составляющей, по оценкам, около 85% Вселенной. О ее существовании, как некогда о черных дырах, можно судить из-за мощнейшего гравитационного воздействия, которое эта субстанция оказывает на космические объекты, удерживая их вместе. Стоит ли удивляться, что загадочная природа и темной материи и черных дыр наводит ученых на мысль о том, что эти обитатели Вселенной связаны и что темную материю можно обнаружить, наблюдая за космическими монстрами?

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Одной из главных загадок современной физики является природа темной материи. Но как она связана с черными дырами? Изображение: d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net

Содержание

  • 1 Структура черных дыр
    • 1.1 Джеты, вращение и гравитация
  • 2 Природа темной материи
  • 3 Как обнаружить темную материю?
  • 4 Брешь в теории

Структура черных дыр

Будучи одними из самых загадочных и экзотических объектов во Вселенной, черные дыры образуются в результате коллапса массивных звезд и обладают настолько мощной гравитацией, что даже свет не может покинуть их пределы. К основным элементам структуры черных дыр относятся горизонт событий, сингулярность и аккреционный диск. Но обо всем по-порядку.

Горизонт событий — это граница вокруг черной дыры, попав за которую все – от материи до фотонов света – пропадает навсегда. По сути, горизонт событий представляет собой своеобразную «точку невозврата» – все, что его пересекает, становится частью черной дыры и больше не может взаимодействовать с внешним миром. Радиус горизонта событий называется радиусом Шварцшильда и зависит от массы черной дыры.

Темная материя состоит из черных дыр. 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Горизонт событий черной дыры – точка невозврата. Изображение: cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net

Что же до центра черной дыры, то в этом месте находится сингулярность – точка, в которой плотность материи и кривизна пространства-времени становятся бесконечными. Здесь законы физики, в нашем их понимании, перестают действовать. Материя, поглощенная черной дырой, сжимается до бесконечно малых размеров, создавая огромную гравитационную силу.

Больше по теме: Чем питаются черные дыры и влияет ли это на их внешний вид

Интересно, что наблюдаемыми черные дыры делает аккреционный диск, который состоит из газа и пыли и вращается вокруг нее. Материал в аккреционном диске разогревается до чрезвычайно высоких температур из-за трения и гравитационных сил, излучая в различных диапазонах электромагнитного спектра, включая рентгеновские лучи.

Джеты, вращение и гравитация

Некоторые черные дыры, особенно сверхмассивные (те, что находятся в центрах галактик) могут выбрасывать узкие струи материи, называемые джетами. Эти струи выбрасываются вдоль осей вращения черной дыры и могут простираться на тысячи световых лет. Джеты формируются из материала, который не был поглощен черной дырой и вместо этого ускоряется вдоль ее магнитных полей.

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Джет — плазменная струя, вырывающаяся из черной дыры в ее центре, — периодически меняет свое направление. Изображение: d182hggomw8pjd.cloudfront.net

Существуют также вращающиеся или керровские черные дыры, горизонт событий и структура которых значительно отличаются от их невращающихся собратьев. Такие черные дыры создают эффект «волочения» пространства-времени вокруг себя.

Черные дыры оказывают сильнейшее воздействие на окружающее пространство-время. Они искривляют его так сильно, что это вызывает эффекты, предсказанные общей теорией относительности Эйнштейна, такие как гравитационное линзирование (изгиб света вокруг черной дыры) и замедление времени вблизи горизонта событий.

Еще больше интересных статей о черных дырах и других обитателей Вселенной читайте на нашем канале в Яндекс.Дзен – там регулярно выходят статьи, которых нет на сайте!

И хотя в 2019 году черные дыры перешли из гипотетических объектов в реально существующие, они по-прежнему являются предметом интенсивного изучения, поскольку предоставляют уникальные возможности для проверки наших знаний о гравитации, квантовой механике и структуре Вселенной.

Природа темной материи

О темной материи физики говорят давно и много, ведь согласно наблюдениям и имеющимся данным, она должна существовать. Более того, чтобы объяснить гравитационные аномалии в космосе, темная материя должна быть примерно в 5 раз более распространена во Вселенной, чем обычная видимая материя – так, в нашей галактике темной материи в 15 раз больше, чем обычной.

Темная материя состоит из черных дыр. 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О существовании темной материи исследователи судят по ее гравитационному воздействию на космические объекты. Изображение: static.scientificamerican.com

Проблема, однако, заключается в том, что темную материю по самой своей природе также практически невозможно обнаружить, поскольку она очень слабо взаимодействует с обычной материей, за исключением гравитации. И хотя природа темной материи остается загадкой, большинство исследователей считают, что эта гипотетическая субстанция состоит неизвестных элементарных частиц.

К сожалению, несмотря на десятилетия усилий, ни в одном эксперименте не были обнаружены новые частицы, которые могли бы быть ответственны за темную материю, – говорит Пшемек Мроз из астрономической обсерватории Варшавского университета в Польше.

Мроз – ведущий автор двух статей, недавно опубликованных в журналах Nature и приложении к Astrophysical Journal, в которых проверяется, можно ли объяснить темную материю с помощью другого загадочного класса объектов во Вселенной – черных дыр.

Темная материя состоит из черных дыр. 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Физики хотят понять, как связаны темная материя и черные дыры? Изображение: www.universetoday.com

Напомним, что с момента обнаружения слияния черных дыр в 2015 году было выявлено около 100 случаев. Эти черные дыры обычно в 20-100 раз тяжелее нашего Солнца, а черные дыры, ранее обнаруженные в Млечном Пути, как правило имеют всего 5-10 солнечной масс. «Объяснение того, почему эти две популяции черных дыр так сильно отличаются друг от друга, является одной из самых больших загадок современной астрономии«, – говорится в статье.

Вам будет интересно: Физики работают над новой теорией гравитации – какую роль в ней играет темная материя?

Как обнаружить темную материю?

В попытках ответить на эти и другие вопросы, исследователи предположили, что более крупные черные дыры, обнаруженные в ходе экспериментов LIGO и Virgo, являются первичными черными дырами, образовавшимися в ранней Вселенной. Поскольку детекторы гравитационных волн используются для обнаружения новых черных дыр, физики предполагают, что такие первичные черные дыры могут составлять значительную часть, если не всю, темной материи. Более того, несмотря на то, что черные дыры не излучают свет, эту теорию можно проверить.

Следствием общей теории относительности Эйнштейна является то, что массивные объекты могут искривлять свет вокруг себя. Этот эффект называется гравитационным линзированием. Когда массивный объект, например черная дыра, оказывается между Землей и другими объектами, такими как галактики, эти галактики увеличиваются в размерах и их яркость увеличивается.

Темная материя состоит из черных дыр. 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Чем больше масса объекта, вызывающего гравитационное линзирование, тем дольше увеличивается яркость тел за ним. Изображение: spacegid.com

Отметим, что линзирование объектами размером с Солнце длится несколько недель. Но гравитационное линзирование черных дыр массой более 100 масс Солнца продолжалось бы несколько лет.

Не пропустите: Квантовый мир: как связаны стерильные нейтрино и темная материя?

Идея о том, что гравитационное линзирование может помочь в изучении темной материи, была впервые выдвинута в 1980-х годах польским астрофизиком Богданом Пачиньским. Эксперименты показали, что черные дыры размером меньше Солнца могут составлять менее 10% темной материи. Но эти первые эксперименты не были чувствительны к линзированию в более длительных временных масштабах.

Брешь в теории

Теперь же астрономы из эксперимента по оптическому гравитационному линзированию (OGLE) представили новые результаты 20-летнего наблюдения за 80 миллионами звезд в близлежащем Большом Магеллановом облаке. Если бы темная материя в Млечном Пути состояла только из черных дыр, исследователи ожидали бы увидеть 258 случаев микролинзирования. Вместо этого их результаты показали только 13.

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На диаграмме показаны галактики с желтыми точками. Ожидаемые и наблюдаемые явления микролинзирования массивными объектами в направлении Большого Магелланова облака, видимые сквозь гало Млечного Пути. Изображение: phys.org

Это указывает на то, что массивные черные дыры могут составлять не более нескольких процентов темной материи. Если быть точным, то черные дыры массой в 10 солнечных масс могут содержать не более 1,2% темной материи. На черные дыры массой в 100 солнечных масс приходится 3,0% темной материи, а на черные дыры массой в 1000 солнечных масс – 11% темной материи, – объясняет Мроз.

Полученные в ходе исследования данные показывают, что первичные черные дыры не могут составлять значительную долю темной материи, и одновременно объясняют наблюдаемые скорости слияния черных дыр, измеренные LIGO и Virgo. Так или иначе, тайна, связанная с тем, что составляет большую часть темной материи, остается нераскрытой.

Источник

29.06.2024
12 5 minutes read
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27.08.2023

В космосе произошел крупнейший взрыв – его отголоски достигли Земли — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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23.11.2023

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05.09.2024