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10.09.2024
9 3 minutes read

Пик популярности неоновых вывесок пришелся на 40-50 годы прошлого столетия. Однако они до сих пор не утратили свою актуальность, причем всегда выглядят очень красиво и эффектно. Но мало кто знает, что первая неоновая вывеска появилась еще в 1912 году, она была установлена над входом в парикмахерскую Palais Coiffeur в Париже. Первая же неоновая лампа была представлена еще раньше — в 1910 году. Как несложно догадаться из названия, внутри этих ламп закачан газ неон. Но задумывались ли вы когда-нибудь, как работают неоновые лампы и как изготавливают светящиеся рекламные вывески?

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Неоновые вывески пользуются популярностью уже более 100 лет. Источник фото: neon-show.ru

История появления неоновых ламп

Предыстория создания неоновой лампы уходит своими корнями в далекий 1675 год, когда французский астроном Жан Пикар увидел едва заметное свечение в трубке ртутного барометра. О существовании электричества в те времена еще никто не знал. Загадочное свечение назвали “барометрическим свечением». С тех пор ученые долгое время пытались выяснить природу этого явления.

В середине XIX века немецкий физик Генрих Гейслер сделал прорыв в этой области и создал лампу, которая стала предшественницей современных газоразрядных ламп. Можно сказать, что с этого момента началась история неоновых ламп. Также некое подобие неоновых ламп изобрел Никола Тесла в 1894 году. Однако сам неон был открыт несколько позже — в 1989 году.

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Первые неоновые вывески стали появляться в Париже в начале 20 века. Источник фото: thecinetourist.net

Спустя примерно 10 лет француз Жорж Клод решил использовать неон в герметичном сосуде. Таким образом появилась современная неоновая лампа, которая была представлена широкой публике в 1910 году. Согласно легенде, использовать неоновые лампы в рекламных вывесках Жоржу Клоду предложил его приятель Жан Фонсекью. В результате спустя пять лет появилась компания по производству рекламных вывесок — Claude Neon Lights, Inc.

Широкое распространение неоновые рекламные вывески получили в первой половине XX века, когда предприниматели любыми способами старались привлечь внимание клиентов к своей продукции или своему заведению. Особой популярностью они стали пользоваться в США, где даже мелкие лавочки часто были подсвечены неоном.

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На этом фото, сделанном в Париже в 1925 году видно, какую популярность приобрели неоновые вывески 20-х годах. Источник: thecinetourist.net

Принцип работы неоновой лампы

Неон представляет собой инертный газ, то есть он не вступает в реакцию с другими элементами, а также не имеет цвета и запаха. Поэтому его невозможно увидеть и вообще каким-либо образом обнаружить его присутствие. К слову, это достаточно редкий газ, который используется не только для вывесок, но и для изготовления чипов, о чем мы уже рассказывали ранее.

Когда электричество протекает через стеклянную трубку неоновой лампы, оно возбуждает электроны газа. Они ускоряются и покидают свои орбиты, выбрасывая положительно заряженные ионы. Эти свободные электроны проносятся в окружающей среде и натыкаются на большое количество атомов неона, заставляя их тоже ионизироваться. Избыточная энергия, которая при этом возникает, уносится частицами света, то есть фотонами. Это и есть то самое свечение, которое мы видим.

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Неон светится красным цветом. Источник фото: jazzlight.ru

Надо сказать, что неон светит красным светом, но на неоновых вывесках часто можно увидеть разные цвета. Обычно это достигается путем тонирования стекла лампы. Но иногда, чтобы добиться того или иного цвета, вместо неона в лампы закачивают другие газы. Например, аргон дает фиолетовый свет, гелий светится розовым, а ксенон — синим. Сам же термин “неоновый свет” обычно используют для любых газоразрядных ламп, независимо от того, какой именно газ в них используется.

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Стеклянные трубки для вывесок изгибают вручную. Источник фото: pro-r.ru

Как изготавливаются неоновые вывески

Изготовление лампы начинается с придания стеклянной трубки нужной формы. Например, она может быть выполнена в форме какой-либо буквы, логотипа и т.д. Надо сказать, что изготовления стеклянных трубок — это довольно сложная задача, так как необходимо учесть такие параметра как диаметр, от которого будет зависеть яркость света, а также минимальный допустимый радиус изгиба, общую длину трубки, мощность трансформатора и т.д.

Чтобы придать стеклянной трубке ту или иную форму, ее нагревают при помощи газовых горелок. Сгибание происходит вручную, при этом мастер ориентируется на шаблон. Чтобы в процессе изгибания не изменился диаметр, край трубки соединяют с продувочным шлангом и прокачивают через нее воздух. Если диаметр изменится, свет будет неравномерным или лампа вообще не будет работать должным образом. Надо сказать, что длина трубки составляет не более 3 метров. Поэтому для больших вывесок используют несколько секций.

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Стеклянные трубки нагревают при помощи газовых горелок. Источник фото: pro-r.ru

После придания трубке необходимой формы, на каждом ее конце наплавляют электрод. Затем осуществляется процесс, который называется “бомбардировкой”. Из трубки откачивают воздух, а после чего закачивают небольшое количество сухого воздуха, чтобы давление достигло уровня 0,5–1,0 мм ртутного столба. После этого к электродам подключают трансформатор и подают высокое напряжение. Стекло при этом нагревается до температуры свыше 200 градусов, а металлический электрод — до 760 градусов. Таким образом вытесняются любые примеси.

Обязательно посетите наши каналы Дзен и Telegram, здесь вас ждут самые интересные новости из мира науки и последние открытия!

Когда трубка остывает, из нее выкачивают воздух и заполняют газом. Технологическое отверстие при этом запаивают. Но на этом работа еще не заканчивается. Далее происходит так называемая “тренировка” трубки. Это необходимо для того, чтобы газ внутри стабилизировался и работал должным образом. К трубке подключается трансформатор и подается более мощный ток, чем ее рабочий. В таком режиме лампа работает от 15 минут до нескольких часов, в зависимости от типа газа, который был закачан. Если лампа выполнена качественно, она может прослужить от 30 до 40 лет.

Источник

10.09.2024
9 3 minutes read
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22.09.2024

Как африканские племена зашивают раны при помощи муравьев — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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21.05.2024

Исландский город из-за вулкана может провалиться под землю — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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29.01.2024

Можно ли вылечить ожирение с помощью трансплантации фекальной микробиоты? — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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16.12.2023
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