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После появления ядерного и биологического оружия люди впервые начали думать о том, где они будут прятаться в случае их применения. Сначала для спасения от любых вражеских ударов использовалось метро — тоннели находятся на глубине десятков метров, поэтому даже при сильных взрывах на поверхности люди имели большие шансы на выживание. Но потом во всех странах мира начали появляться бункеры, подземные убежища, способные выдержать даже ядерный взрыв. Во время их строительства применяются такие прочные материалы, как бетон и сталь, а внутри хранятся консервы, запасы воды, медицинские аптечки и все, что необходимо для выживания. Один из самых необычных бункеров в мире находится в американском штате Колорадо, в глубинах горы Шайенн.

Этот бункер в США может выдержать взрыв ядерной бомбы мощностью 30 мегатонн - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Вход в бункер внутри горы Шайенн. Источник: CNET

Содержание

  • 1 Американский бункер в горе Шайенн
  • 2 Для чего нужен бункер Шайенн
  • 3 Как устроено бомбоубежище NORAD
  • 4 Самое безопасное бомбоубежище США

Американский бункер в горе Шайенн

Американский бункер под горой Шайенн больше всего известен как комплекс NORAD. Его строительство началось в 1961 году на фоне больших успехов СССР в области освоения космоса и создания ракетного оружия высокой дальности. Гора Шайенн была выбрана не случайно — авторам проекта было важно, чтобы бункер можно было построить на максимально возможной глубине, и там не происходили землетрясения.

Этот бункер в США может выдержать взрыв ядерной бомбы мощностью 30 мегатонн - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Гора Шайенн в американском штате Колорадо. Источник: Википедия

Чтобы проложить тоннели, строителям пришлось использовать взрывчатку — при помощи нее было взорвано 693 000 тонн гранита. Речь идет об очень твердой горной породе, которая имеет структуру с кристалликами и зернистыми частицами. После этого строители укрепили тоннели и помещения, и уже в 1966 году бункер стал полностью готов к использованию.

Этот бункер в США может выдержать взрыв ядерной бомбы мощностью 30 мегатонн - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Бункер в горе Шайенн является важным военным объектом США. Источник: CNET

Строительство бункера не было секретным — новость об этом широко освещалась в СМИ. В прессе его называли «Бункером Судного дня», а также он упоминался в книгах писателей-фантастов, сериалах и даже компьютерных играх.

Читайте также: Как подготовиться к ядерной войне, чтобы выжить?

Для чего нужен бункер Шайенн

Построенный бункер стал не только убежищем в случае серьезной военной угрозы, но и пунктом командования воздушно-космической обороны Северной Америки. Он работал на протяжении 30 лет, вплоть до распада СССР — ежедневно там дежурили люди. Огромные двери бункера почти всегда были закрыты, их открывали только при смене дежурства.

Этот бункер в США может выдержать взрыв ядерной бомбы мощностью 30 мегатонн - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Двери в бункер весят более 20 тонн. Источник: CNET

С июля 2006 года из-за дороговизны содержания комплекс NORAD был переведен в состояние «горячей консервации». Это значит, что дежурство там не велось, но в случае внезапной необходимости пункт мог заработать в течение нескольких часов.

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Иногда по бункеру проводятся экскурсии, но фотографировать разрешено не все. Источник: CNET

В 2015 году бункер снова заработал. Это было объяснено тем, что оборудование внутри него нужно ежедневно контролировать, чтобы оно не сломалось из-за внезапного электромагнитного импульса. Так называется мощный всплеск электромагнитной энергии, который может возникнуть в результате ядерного взрыва или грозовой бури. Этот импульс может на короткое время создать очень интенсивное электромагнитное поле, способное повредить электронику.

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Как видно, стены тоннелей ничем не обработаны. Источник: CNET

Известно, что в пункте командования военные также занимаются слежением за воздушным и космическим пространством и изучением разведывательных данных.

Как работает воздушная тревога: все, что надо знать о системах оповещения

Как устроено бомбоубежище NORAD

Бункер NORAD располагается на глубине 610 метров. Его основой является «решетка» из четырех и трех пересекающихся тоннелей. Их стены ничем не обработаны — для укрепления строители только вкрутили в них 115 тысяч болтов на глубину от 2 до 9 метров. Внутри этих тоннелей есть 15 металлических конструкций разного назначения. Они стоят на 1319 пружинах длиной в 1 метр, каждая из которых весит по 450 килограммов. Они необходимы, чтобы бункер не трясло в случае взрыва ядерной бомбы.

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Пружины, на которых стоят металлические конструкции. Источник: CNET

Самой главной частью бункера является подземное «здание», состоящее из трех этажей. На случай обрушения породы он защищен железобетонным куполом толщиной от 1,2 до 4,3 метров. В этом здании находится всё оборудование командования воздушно-космической обороны. Горные породы полностью блокируют любую радиоволну, поэтому связь с поверхностью обеспечивается только по проводам.

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Командный центр бункера. Источник: CNET

Площадь бункера в горе Шайенн составляет 18 тысяч квадратных метров. Для спасающихся людей в нем предусмотрены столовая, больница и даже фитнес-центр с парикмахерской.

Читайте также: Ученые рассказали, чем будут питаться люди после ядерной войны

Самое безопасное бомбоубежище США

А теперь поговорим о самом главном — насколько безопасен бункер NORAD в США. По данным научного издания IFL Science, помимо сотен метров горных пород людей будут защищать огромные двери весом 23 тонны.

Этот бункер в США может выдержать взрыв ядерной бомбы мощностью 30 мегатонн - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Видео про бункер NORAD в горе Шайенн

Считается, что бункер Шайенн способен выдержать ядерный взрыв мощностью 30 мегатонн. Для сравнения, стоявшая на вооружении США с 1960 по 1976 год ядерная бомба B41 имела мощность в 25 мегатонн. Однако взрыв советской «Царь-бомбы» мощностью в 50 мегатонн это убежище выдержать бы не смогло.

Обязательно подпишитесь на наши каналы в Дзен и Telegram. Так вы не пропустите ничего интересного!

В мире очень много бункеров, и рассказать обо всех невозможно. Если интересно, у нас есть еще одна статья на похожую тему «Где находятся бомбоубежища и как они устроены?». Настоятельно рекомендуем к прочтению!

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