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04.07.2024
10 3 minutes read

СССР первым запустил искусственный спутник Земли и осуществил полет человека в космос, но впоследствии проиграл космическую гонку. Американские космонавты стали первыми и единственными людьми, побывавшими на поверхности Луны. Однако мало кто знает, что Советский Союз был в шаге от гораздо более амбициозного проекта, чем миссия «Аполлон» НАСА. В середине 60-х годов советские инженеры и ученые планировали не просто высадку людей, но и собирались создать базу на поверхности спутника. Уже к середине 70-х годов был создан и тщательно проработан первый в мире проект лунной базы, получившей название “Звезда”. Вполне возможно, если бы ситуация в то время сложилась немного иначе, сейчас бы на Луне постоянно жили люди, как на МКС.

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Советский Союз собирался создать базу на Луне еще в 70-х годах. Источник фото: rossaprimavera.ru

Содержание

  • 1 Первый в мире проект лунной базы
  • 2 Лунная программа СССР
  • 3 Где на Луне должна была находиться база
  • 4 Почему советская лунная программа провалилась

Первый в мире проект лунной базы

Несмотря на то, что американцы смогли первыми высадиться на Луне в рамках миссии «Аполлон», Советский Союз во многом опережал США. В частности, именно советский модуль первым совершил мягкую посадку на Луну. К слову, по сей день это удалось сделать не многим странам. Даже российский аппарат “Луна-25” потерпел крушение.

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В СССР был разработан тщательный план строительства лунной базы. Источник изображения: dzen.ru

Также в СССР был создан космический корабль, который первым в истории человечества облетел Луну. Поэтому Советский Союз имел все шансы опередить США и в плане покорения Луны. Как уже было сказано выше, речь шла не просто о посещении спутника, а о строительстве лунной базы.

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Лунная база состояла из отдельных модулей, которые изготавливались на Земле. Источник изображения: dzen.ru

Разработку проекта в 1962 году С. П. Королев поручил головному конструкторскому бюро “Спецмаш”. Работа заняла более десяти лет, но в итоге был создан тщательный, детальный проект создания лунной базы с неофициальным названием “Барминград”. Также ее знали под названием “Звезда” и “Колумб”.

Лунная программа СССР

На Луну изначально должен был полететь в беспилотном режиме основной модуль станции, на борту которого были предусмотрены несколько автоматических аппаратов. Один из них должен был доставить на Землю лунный грунт, собранный в месте посадки основного модуля. Второй автоматический аппарат представлял собой луноход.

В перспективе был запуск еще 8 обитаемых модулей. То есть в общей сложности лунная база должна была включать в себя 9 модулей. Их планировали расположить под защитным слоем лунного реголита. Кроме того, проект включал в себя подвижные модули на колесной базе. Их можно было соединять друг с другом как вагоны. Работать этот «поезд» должен был на электричестве, вырабатываемом собственным ядерным реактором.

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Лунный модуль, который мог стать домом для космонавтов на Луне. Источник фото: iz.ru

Каждый модуль-вагон имел длину 4,5 метра. В состав “поезда” должен был входить модуль-лаборатория, складской модуль, жилые «вагоны», буровая установка и некоторые другие модули. “Поезд” рассчитывался на экипаж из 9 человек.

Ходовая часть у всех модулей была как у луноходов, то есть каждое колесо должно было иметь свой отдельный электромотор. Благодаря этому отказ привода колеса или даже нескольких колес не парализовал бы весь состав. Разумеется, предусматривалась защита обитаемых помещений от метеоров, экстремальных температур и радиоактивного излучения. Для этого модули должны были иметь трехслойный корпус.

Где на Луне должна была находиться база

Место для создания лунной базы советские ученые собирались определить при помощи орбитального спутника Луны. Он должен был помочь произвести картографирование и найти оптимальный участок. Затем беспилотный аппарат должен был доставить на Землю пробы грунта с выбранного участка для анализа. Кроме того, район будущей лунной базы должен был изучить упомянутый выше луноход.

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Так выглядели лунные модули изнутри. Источник фото: dzen.ru

После дистанционного изучения поверхности естественного спутника, на Луну должна была отправиться экспедиция из четырех человек. К этому моменту их должен был уже ожидать “лунный поезд”. На нем космонавты могли бы перемещаться по поверхности Луны и изучать окрестности базы.

Почему советская лунная программа провалилась

Основной причиной провала советской лунной программы стала ракета-носитель Н-1, которая до недавних пор оставалась самой мощной и большой ракетой в мире. Ее диаметр у основания составлял 17 метро. Мощнее и крупнее ее в только ракета Super Heavy, которая является первой ступенью сверхтяжелой ракеты SpaceX Starship.

Ракета Н-1 имела 30 ракетных двигателей, располагавшихся в виде двух колец. Однако двигатели оказались крайне ненадежными. Среди причин этому называют натянутые отношения и соперничество между Сергеем Королевым и инженером-конструктором — Валентином Глушко.

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Все 4 испытания ракеты Н-1 закончились ее крушением. Источник фото: dzen.ru

Сергей Королев выбрал перспективную в будущем схему кислородно-керосиновых двигателей, которые на тот момент были инновацией. В. Глушко же предлагал использовать более отлаженные двигатели на смеси азотного тетраоксида и несимметричного диметилгидразина. В итоге Королев настоял на двигателях нового типа, однако завершить проект ему было не суждено, так как в 1966 году он умер.

В итоге, как мы уже рассказывали ранее, все четыре запуска ракеты Н-1 заканчивались крушением ракеты. Причем второе по счету испытание привело к одному из самых мощных неядерных взрывов на Земле. Ударная волна от взорвавшейся ракеты разбила окна в зданиях в радиусе 40 км.

Обязательно посетите наши каналы Дзен и Telegram, здесь вас ждут самые интересные новости из мира науки и последние открытия!

Последнее испытание Н-1 состоялось в 1971 году. К тому моменту космонавты НАСА уже несколько раз высаживались на Луне. На этот раз ракета совершала полет в течение 90 секунд, но в итоге все равно взорвалась. Теоретически, полет мог быть успешным, несмотря на крушение первой ступени, но операторы по какой-то причине не включили двигатели второй ступени. В результате вместе с ракетой была разрушена и мечта СССР покорить Луну.

Источник

04.07.2024
10 3 minutes read
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14.08.2024

Сколько ударов делает сердце за день, год и всю жизнь? — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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15.10.2024

Почему мы забываем сны? — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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17.10.2023

Почему любителям кошек угрожает шизофрения — опасайтесь укуса своего питомца — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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14.12.2023
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