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Когда космонавты отправляются в космос, они сразу же попадают в Международную космическую станцию (МКС). В открытое пространство они выходят только изредка, чтобы провести осмотр или ремонт станции, а также для проведения научных экспериментов. Чтобы не улететь в космическую неизвестность, они привязываются к станции при помощи прочных тросов — если бы такой страховски не существовало, некоторые космонавты наверняка потерялись бы в бескрайних просторах космоса. Но однажды американские астронавты вышли в космос, не используя страховку. Это была очень рискованная миссия, в ходе которой человечество могло потерять человека в космосе. К счастью, все обошлось хорошо, и астронавты даже смогли сделать одни из самых удивительных фотографий в истории.
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Астронавт Брюс Маккандлесс в открытом космосе. Источник фотографии: NASA
Космическая миссия «Спейс шаттл»
Первый выход человека в космос без страховки был осуществлен в феврале 1984 года. В то время Международной космической станции еще не существовало, и американские астронавты использовали для полетов космические корабли «Спейс шаттл».
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Размер космического корабля «Спейс шаттл» поражает воображение. Источник фотографии: million-wallpapers.ru
В рамках февральского полета перед астронавтами стояла задача запустить два спутника связи: Westar 6 и Palapa B-2. К сожалению, при запуске обоих аппаратов возникли проблемы, и они были потеряны. Члены экипажа корабля с сожалением передали на Землю сообщение о том, что они «не могут их найти». В этот день США, по сути, потеряли 180 миллионов долларов — именно столько стоили два спутника.
Реактивный ранец для полета в космос
К счастью, дальше миссия шла более успешно. В рамках полета астронавты Брюс Маккандлесс (Bruce McCandless) и Роберт Стюарт (Robert Stewart) должны были совершить рискованный шаг в открытый космос без использования страховочного троса. Вместо него они использовали новые на тот момент реактивные ранцы Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), которые были заправлены 5,9 килограммами азота, рассчитанного на шесть часов работы. Для движения они использовали джойстик, контролируемый при помощи кончиков пальцев.
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Астронавт Брюс Маккандлесс. Источник фотографии: NASA
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Астронавт Роберт Стюарт с реактивным ранцем Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). Источник фотографии: NASA
Читайте также: Космический мусор вынуждает астронавтов отказаться от выхода в открытый космос
Первым человеком, вышедшим в открытый космос без страховки, стал американский астронавт Брюс Маккандлесс. Шаг в неизвестность он сделал утром 7 февраля — каждое свое движение он озвучивал в микрофон своей гарнитуры. Позже он вспоминал, насколько сильно ему на тот момент было страшно. Десять лет назад до этой миссии Нил Армстронг сделал «маленький шаг для человека и большой шаг для человечества», ступив на поверхность Луны. По словам Брюса Маккэндлесса, для него это был не просто шаг, а «чертовски большой скачок».
Отдаляясь от «Спейс Шаттла», он был направлен лицом к космическому кораблю — в противном случае он запросто мог заблудиться. Вместо огромного количества звезд, он видел вокруг себя только кромешную темноту. При помощи ранца он смог отдалиться на 100 метров от космического аппарата. На тот момент он находился в 300 километрах над Атлантическим океаном. Под собой он увидел вращающуюся Землю и даже смог распознать Флориду, где находится космодром Канаверал.
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Астронавт Брюс Маккандлесс в 100 метрах от «Спейс Шаттла». Источник фотографии: NASA
Согласно книге «Challenger: A True Story of Heroism and Disaster on the Edge of Space», Брюс Маккандлесс даже смог сделать несколько трюков в открытом космосе. Но ощутить себя в полном уединении и максимальной удаленности от всей цивилизации он не смог, потому что в его наушниках постоянно был слышен треск помех.
Один из других членов экипажа «Спейс Шаттла» направил на своего коллегу объектив фотоаппарата и сделал одну из самых потрясающих фотографий в истории. На ней изображен астронавт в скафандре, который находится посреди открытого космоса и никак не связан ни с космическим кораблем, ни с Землей.
Астронавт Роберт Стюарт вышел в открытый космос на следующий день, 8 февраля 1984 года. Его вылазка тоже прошла без особых проблем, и в общей сложности оба астронавта пробыли в космосе 5 часов 55 минут.
Читайте также: Как выглядит Земля из космоса — эти фотографии вы еще не видели
Самый первый человек в открытом космосе
Астронавты NASA совершили первый выход в космос без страховки. А вообще, первый шаг в открытое космическое пространство сделал советский космонавт Алексей Леонов — это произошло 18 марта 1965 года. Он вышел в космос, будучи привязанным к космическому кораблю 4,8-метровым тросом
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Советский космонавт Алексей Леонов стал первым человеком, вышедшим в открытый космос. Источник изображения: cultinfo.ru
Обязательно подпишитесь на наш Дзен-канал. Так вы будете каждый день узнавать много нового!
Во время миссии он столкнулся с рядом смертельно опасных проблем. Например, когда он хотел вернуться в космический корабль, его скафандр сильно раздулся и не советский герой мог войти в люк. Подробнее об этой истории вы можете почитать в нашей статье «Не только Юрий Гагарин: отечественные космонавты, совершившие подвиги в космосе».
