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Австралия известна невероятным количеством всевозможных ядовитых существ — змей, пауков, медуз, муравьев, осьминогов, пчел и даже некоторых млекопитающих, таких как утконосы. Многие из них способны своим ядом убить человека. Чего стоят только муравьи-бульдоги, укус которых в лучшем случае вызывает сильную боль, которая длится в течение нескольких суток, а в худшем — приводит к летальному исходу. Но почему они все сконцентрированы именно в Австралии — просто из-за стечения обстоятельств или это было вызвано эволюционной необходимостью, а может особенностью окружающей среды? По мнению ученых, ядовитые существа начали появляться еще на суперконтиненте Гондвана, то есть до того, как возникла Австралия. В этом, по мнению специалистов, и кроется ответ на заданный вопрос.

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Принято считать, что в Австралии сконцентрированы самые ядовитые существа на Земле

Содержание

  • 1 Как в Австралии возникли ядовитые членистоногие
  • 2 Ядовитые головоногие моллюски и медузы Австралии
  • 3 Почему в Австралии появилось много ядовитых змей
  • 4 В Австралии на самом деле не много ядовитых существ

Как в Австралии возникли ядовитые членистоногие

Австралия возникла как отдельный массив суши не так давно — порядка 100 миллионов лет назад. До этого, как уже было сказано выше, она была частью Гондваны. Возраст большинства ядовитых видов, которые населяют континент, в 2-3 раза старше, чем сама Австралия. Это значит, что некоторые виды просто “застряли” на молодом континенте, когда со всех сторон его окружила вода.

Почему в Австралии сконцентрировано так много ядовитых существ - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Муравей-бульдог — один из самых смертоносных муравьев на свете

Например, муравьи-ловушки (род Odontomachus ), обитают не только в Австралии, но и других регионах мира в тропиках и субтропиках. То же самое касается вышеупомянутых муравьев-бульдогов (род Myrmecia). К лову, они являются одними из самых смертоносных в мире, так как способны одновременно кусать и жалить.

Аналогичная ситуация и с пауками. Единственным из них, который возник в Австралии и способен убить человека, является воронкообразный паук. Все остальные смертоносные пауки появились тоже до возникновения континента. Например, красноспинный, один из самых ядовитых пауков, относящийся к роду вдов (Latrodectus hasselti), появился задолго до Австралии.

Почему в Австралии сконцентрировано так много ядовитых существ - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Воронкообразный паук, один из самых смертоносных пауков Австралии

Ядовитые головоногие моллюски и медузы Австралии

Если ядовитые членистоногие оказались “заперты” на континенте, про головоногих моллюсков так сказать нельзя, ведь вода для них не является преградой. Они возникли около 300 миллионов лет назад, то есть в тот период, когда еще существовал суперконтинент. Напомним, что к головоногим моллюскам относятся кальмары и осьминоги.

Почему в Австралии сконцентрировано так много ядовитых существ - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Яд коробчатой медузы убивает человека в течение нескольких минут

Медузы появились еще раньше — около 500 миллионов лет назад. По мнению специалистов, скорее всего береговая линия Австралии просто способствует созданию экосистемы, которая подходит для обитания этих существ. Но они обитают не только возле берегов данного континента. Некоторые смертоносные виды, такие как коробчатые медузы (Carukia barnesi), обитают и в других частях мира в тропических и субтропических водах. Напомним, что медузы вообще все являются ядовитыми.

Почему в Австралии появилось много ядовитых змей

По количеству ядовитых рептилий, Австралия действительно является лидером. По мнению некоторых ученых, это связано с тем, что 60 миллионов лет назад континент стал дрейфовать к Южному полюсу. Это привело к тому, что большая часть рептилий погибла из-за очень холодного климата.

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В Австралии чрезвычайно много ядовитых змей

Затем континент начал движение на север. Климат стал более теплым, в результате чего Австралия снова привлекла рептилий. Первые змеи, которые колонизировали Австралию, по случайности оказались из ядовитого семейства переднезубых (Elapidae). К этому семейству относится кобра, черная мамба, коралловые змеи, тайпан и пр.

Со временем предки первых австралийских змей эволюционировали, в результате чего появились современные, еще более ядовитые рептилии. В результате из 220 видов змей, которые живут в Австралии, 145 (65%) являются ядовитыми. В мире же ядовитыми являются лишь 15% змей.

Почему в Австралии сконцентрировано так много ядовитых существ - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Ядовитые змеи заселили Австралию после потепления климата на континенте

В Австралии на самом деле не много ядовитых существ

Если не считать змей, то в целом ядовитая фауна Австралии не отличается от других регионов Земли с аналогичным климатом. Как сообщает издание Live Science, имидж Австралии как родины самых ядовитых существ на планете на самом деле сильно преувеличен.

Переходите по ссылке на наш ДЗЕН КАНАЛ. Мы подготовили для вас множество интересных, захватывающих материалов посвященных науке.

Следует понимать, что большая часть Австралии относится к тропической зоне. В таком климате ядовитые существа не являются чем-то необычным. Однако в этой стране отлично развита наука, поэтому ядовитые виды тщательно изучаются и о них регулярно появляются публикации в научных изданиях. Возможно, отчасти с этим связан имидж континента. Разумеется, определенную роль сыграло и большое количество ядовитых змей.

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