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Солнце — это гигантского размера газовый шар, без которого жизнь на Земле была бы невозможной. Внутри него постоянно происходят сложные процессы, вызываемые его магнитными полями. Солнечная активность меняется каждые 11 лет. В период солнечного минимума звезда относительно спокойна, а при солнечном максимуме на ее поверхности постоянно происходят вспышки. Недавно исследователи из аэрокосмического агентства NASA стали очевидцами очень редкого явления, которое называется симпатическая солнечная вспышка. Под этим сложным термином принято понимать одновременное возникновение сразу нескольких вспышек в разных частях Солнца. Днем 23 апреля астрономы зафиксировали четыре одновременные вспышки. Выброшенный ими солнечный материал через несколько дней может достигнуть Земли и вызвать последствия.
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В конце апреля 2024 года на Солнце произошла симпатическая солнечная вспышка. Источник изображения: IFL Science
Вспышки на Солнце в апреле 2024 года
По данным Space Weather, серия взрывов на Солнце произошла сразу в нескольких ее частях. Между четырьмя вспышками имелась разница в несколько минут, но ученые все равно считают, что они произошли одновременно. Три вспышки произошли в солнечных пятнах, а одна — в солнечной нити.
Солнечными пятнами называются области на Солнце, которые намного темнее, чем остальная часть звезды. Они возникают, когда магнитные поля выходят наружу — эти области намного холоднее, чем остальные части звезды, поэтому и выглядят темными. Некоторые солнечные пятна маленькие и видны ученым только через специальную оптику, но есть и те, размер которых сравним с величиной крупных планет.
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Темные пятна на Солнце. Источник фотографии: Langkawi National Observatory, MYSA / MOSTI
Солнечными нитями называются длинные структуры из газов, которые поднимаются над поверхностью звезды. Они способны «вылетать» на многие тысячи километров, поэтому на фотографиях Солнца видны как яркие образования в форме дуги. Некоторые солнечные нити существуют на протяжении нескольких недель, после чего либо растворяются, либо выбрасывают в космос частицы Солнца.
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Солнечная нить. Источник изображения: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Вспышки на Солнце — это следствие напряжения, возникающего в его магнитном поле. Когда напряжение становится очень большим, магнитное поле «взрывается», высвобождая в космос большое количество энергии.
Само собой разумеется, мы описали все процессы максимально простым языком. На самом деле внутри Солнца происходит много всего, и для объяснения всех нюансов понадобится очень много времени.
Самые распространенные мифы о Солнце: чему стоить верить?
Последствия геомагнитных бурь
Многие ученые склоняются к тому, что в результате этих вспышек на Солнце в конце апреля 2024 года на Земле возникнут геомагнитные бури. Когда на ближайшей к нам звезде происходят взрывы, в космическое пространство улетают сгустки электронов и протонов.
Наша планета Земля окружена магнитным полем (магнитосферой), которая защищает нас от солнечного ветра. Если электроны и протоны достигают Земли, магнитосфера начинает колебаться и сильно влиять на все, что происходит на поверхности планеты.
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Изображение влияния солнечных вспышек на Землю. Источник картинки: iz.ru
При геомагнитных бурях мы можем наблюдать на небе северные сияния. При особо сильных возмущениях это красивое явление видно даже над Москвой и многими другими российскими городами. Например, в средней полосе России северное сияние было несколько раз видно в 2023 году.
Во время магнитных бурь могут возникнуть проблемы с электроникой. Например, часто в такие дни плохо работают спутниковые системы вроде GPS. Во время особенно сильных возмущений могут возникать проблемы со светом.
Магнитные бури могут привести к недомоганиям у чувствительных людей. Например, мужчины и женщины могут жаловаться на головную боль, бессонницу, стресс, тревогу и другие неприятные симптомы.
Вероятнее всего, магнитные бури на Земле произойдут 25 и 26 апреля. Не исключено, что они продлятся дольше, потому что Солнце сейчас очень активно.
Если вы хотите узнать максимум о солнечных бурях, читайте наш материал о том, из-за чего они возникают и чем опасны.
Катастрофа после солнечных вспышек
Ученые считают, что пик солнечной активности наступит только в 2025 году, так что новостей о магнитных бурях и рекордно мощных вспышках может быть много. По другим данным, солнечный цикл сейчас протекает быстрее обычного, и максимум наступит уже в конце 2024 года.
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График солнечных циклов. Источник изображения: meteoadriatic.net
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Исходя из этого, человечеству стоит быть готовым к серьезным проблемам с техникой. Вместе с техникой и электричеством из строя может выйти и интернет, после чего миллиарды людей по всему миру останутся без связи.
