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В 1994 году геологи занимались созданием подробной карты мест, в которых жители Древнего Египта добывали камни для строительства пирамид, храмов и других сооружений. В процессе этого нелегкого дела им удалось найти 12-километровую дорогу из известняка и песчаника, которая тянулась из базальтового карьера к Меридову озеру, также известному как Карун. Благодаря найденным на месте керамическим изделиям, которые явно были оставлены рабочими, исследователям удалось определить возраст этой дороги — она была проложена примерно в 2600–2200 годах до нашей эры. Исходя из этого, найденный объект является самой древней мощеной дорогой в мире. Она была необходима для доставки строительных материалов к египетским пирамидам, но это только часть пути. Материалы также перевозились по воде.

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В Древнем Египте люди умели прокладывать мощеные дороги из известняка и песчаника

Как древние египтяне перевозили тяжелые камни

Базальт — это вулканическая порода темно-серого или черного цвета, которая до сих пор активно используется в строительстве. Это очень прочный материал, поэтому он начал пользоваться большой популярностью уже во времена Древнего Египта. Судя по археологическим находкам, египтяне использовали его не только для укрепления храмов и королевских гробниц, но и изготовления статуй. Объекты из базальта всегда выглядели величественно и отлично сохранялись на протяжении многих веков — некоторые из них дошли и до наших дней.

Ученые разгадывают тайны древней дороги, которая помогла строить египетские пирамиды - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Базальтовые камни

Из-за своей высокой плотности базальт является очень тяжелым материалом — один кубический метр может весить более 100 килограммов. Поэтому для перевозки материала из места добычи к пирамидам и храмам египтянам приходилось использовать сложные приспособления.

Ученые разгадывают тайны древней дороги, которая помогла строить египетские пирамиды - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Древняя статуя из базальта

Например, для транспортировки базальта из карьера к озеру Карун строители использовали найденную дорогу из известняка и песчаника. На этой мощеной дороге не было следов износа твердыми породами. Поэтому ученые решили, что для их перевозки использовались сани, поставленные на прочные бревна.

Ученые разгадывают тайны древней дороги, которая помогла строить египетские пирамиды - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Фотография самой древней мощеной дороги в Египте

После доставки к берегу озера Карун базальт перетаскивали на лодки — иногда это озеро соединялось с рекой Нил, что позволяло транспортировать строительный материал вплоть до Гизы. На плато Гизы находятся такие исторически важные сооружения, как пирамида Хеопса, Хефрена, Микерина и так далее.

Читайте также: На дне Средиземного моря обнаружено поселение и дорога возрастом 7000 лет

Самая известная дорога Древнего Египта

Это не только самая древняя в мире мощеная дорога, но и самая известная из тех, что были построены древними египтянами. Идеальной ее назвать невозможно, потому что рабочие использовали известняк и песчаник, который был у них под рукой. В некоторых участках дороги они старались класть камни аккуратно, но в большей части дороги они укладывали материал хаотично.

Эта дорога не может сравниться с пирамидами по сложности строительства, но это значительное инженерное достижение, — объявил геолог Джеймс Харрелл.

Ученые разгадывают тайны древней дороги, которая помогла строить египетские пирамиды - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Возможно, без этой дороги строительство египетских пирамид было бы невозможной затеей

Важно отметить, что в мире есть и более старые дороги, но они не являются мощеными, то есть они никак не укреплены.

Вам будет интересно: Почему автомобильные дороги часто ремонтируются в дождь и снег?

Самая древняя дорога в мире

Одной из самых древних обычных дорог в мире является Свит-Трек, которая была обнаружена в английском графстве Сомерсет в 1970 году во время добычи торфа. Она протягивается через болотистую местность — в древние времена длина дороги могла составлять около 2000 метров. Ученые считают, что она была проложена в 3807–3806 годах до нашей эры людьми неолита, которые занимались земледелием и садоводством.

Ученые разгадывают тайны древней дороги, которая помогла строить египетские пирамиды - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Заросшая травой дорога Свит-Трек

Важно отметить, что Свит-Трек — это не просто грязная тропинка. Она состояла из наложенных друг на друга досок из ясеня, дуба и липы. На эту конструкцию дополнительно был наложен дубовый настил. Какой бы хорошей эта дорога ни была, она использовалась только на протяжении 10 лет. Скорее всего, ее потом забросили из-за повышения уровня воды. Часть дороги была законсервирована и не разложилась, что и позволило совершить важное научное открытие.

Обязательно подпишитесь на наши каналы в Дзен и Telegram. Так вы не пропустите ничего интересного!

Удивительные дороги прокладывали и во времена майя — в одной из статей мы уже рассказывали о «Великой белой дороге». Она протягивалась на поразительные 100 километров и имела ширину в 8 метров. Считается, что этот роскошный маршрут соединял город Коба с небольшим поселением Яксуна. Подробнее о ней вы можете узнать, прочитав наш материал «Почему 100-километровая дорога майя считается инженерным чудом».

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