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На территории Ирака, в горной системе Загрос, располагается пещера Шанидар. Она известна тем, что начиная с 1950-х годов исследователи обнаруживают там останки неандертальцев, живших 50–70 тысяч лет назад. В 2018 году ученые нашли там очень плохо сохранившийся скелет одной из самых первых жительниц пещеры — 45-летней женщины, тело которой после похорон было придавлено камнем. Несмотря на то что кости неандерталки были разломаны на части, недавно ученым удалось собрать череп обратно, а потом восстановить внешний вид древней женщины. Исследователи проделали большую работу, тем более если учесть, что они долгое время не могли даже понять, женщина это или мужчина. То, как ученые пытались узнать пол неандертальца, — это отдельная история, которая точно достойна вашего внимания.
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Восстановленный череп неандерталки, из которого было восстановлен внешний вид. Источник изображения: University of Cambridge
Неандертальцы в пещере Шанидар
По расчетам ученых, найденная неандерталка была погребена в пещере Шанидар примерно 75 000 лет назад. Судя по характеру захоронения, ее соплеменники уже умели хоронить людей, соблюдая некоторые традиции. Умершая женщина была не просто положена в яму и засыпана землей. Древние люди сначала промыли углубление в пещере водой, а потом положили тело набок, подложив руку женщины под голову. Также за ее головой ученые обнаружили нечто похожее на каменную подушку.
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Вход в пещеру Шанидар. Источник фотографии: University of Cambridge
Рядом с телом неандерталки были найдены остатки диких семян, орехов и трав. По мнению авторов исследования, древние люди могли относиться к мертвым людям не так, как мы сегодня, — возможно, они не отделяли их от живых. Поэтому они вполне были способны употреблять пищу рядом с мертвецами и подолгу их не хоронить. Но это всего лишь предположение, которому еще не найдено научного доказательства.
Читайте также: Ученые восстановили лицо неандертальца и были поражены — посмотрите как он выглядит
Как ученые изучают тела древних людей
Спустя некоторое время после похорон на могилу упал камень. Из-за этого скелет неандерталки был расплющен, и ученым было сложно его изучать. Сначала они даже не понимали, что это женщина. Обычно распознать скелет женщины можно по широким костям таза, но в этом случае их вообще не было. Определить пол удалось после измерения роста (1,5 метра) и размера рук — они были маленькими. Вдобавок ко всему этому на обнаружение женского скелета указало ДНК-сканирование.
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Сплющенный череп неандерталки. Источник фотографии: University of Cambridge
О том, что на момент смерти неандерталке было 45 лет, стало ясно по состоянию ее зубов. Зубная эмаль женщины была повреждена так, будто она прожила очень долгую по меркам тех времен жизнь. Передние зубы неандерталки вообще были стерты почти до самых корней.
Кто бы победил на боксерском ринге: неандерталец или современный человек?
Как выглядели неандертальцы-женщины
После определения пола и возраста началась другая, еще более сложная часть работы. Чтобы воссоздать внешний вид неандерталки, ученым пришлось собрать ее череп из более 200 маленьких фрагментов. Чтобы перевезти частицы в лабораторию в целости и сохранности, исследователи укрепили их клейким раствором, а потом поместили в свертки из фольги. В лабораторных условиях череп был полностью восстановлен, включая даже нижнюю челюсть и зубы. По словам авторов научной работы, это было похоже на сложную 3D-головоломку, и обработка одного участка черепа иногда занимала пару недель.
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Работа над некоторыми частями черепа занимала целые недели. Источник фотографии: University of Cambridge
После реконструкции черепа он был отсканирован, и трехмерная копия сохранилась на компьютере. Потом при помощи 3D-принтера ученые создали копию черепа неандерталки. Впоследствии опытные дизайнеры восстановили ее внешний вид, учитывая расположение мышц и других тканей, а также эластичность кожи. В итоге получилось то, что вы видите на изображении ниже, — кажется, некоторые неандертальцы не так уж и сильно отличались от современных людей. У них разве что были более грубые черты лица.
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Реконструкция внешнего вида 40-летней неандерталки, жившей 75 000 лет назад. Источник изображения: University of Cambridge
А вы уже подписаны на наш Telegram-канал? Там мы публикуем посты, которых нет на сайте!
Недавно на нашем сайте вышла познавательная статья, которая очень перекликается с темой этой новости. Ученым уже известны многие аспекты жизни женщин в неандертальском обществе. Например, существует много убедительных свидетельств того, что неандерталки рано достигали половой зрелости и искали себе мужчин из других племен. У неандертальских женщин был более широкий таз, чем у современных девушек, но их роды все равно были болезненными — у детей были большие головы, и широкий таз не упрощал рождение. Также есть мнение, что древние женщины охотились на животных не хуже мужчин. Эти и другие особенности жизни неандерталок были нарисованы нейросетью, вы только посмотрите, что у нее получилось.
