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Планета Марс находится на расстоянии около 401 миллионов километров от нас — по космическим меркам, это совсем рядом. С 1965 года исследователи из самых разных стран отправили к ней не менее 20 аппаратов, среди которых были как орбитальные устройства, так и марсоходы. Благодаря им, мы узнали о Красной планете много чего интересного. Например, науке уже известно, что несколько миллиардов лет назад на поверхности Марса имелись реки и озера с жидкой водой. Также мы много знаем о недрах планеты и происходящих на ней метеорологических явлениях. За почти 60 лет ученые провели колоссальную работу, поэтому в рамках данной статьи мы поговорим о семи главных открытиях, которые совершило человечество, в ходе изучения Марса.
![7 самых главных открытий, которые совершили ученые при изучении Марса - Hi-News.ru">/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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За почти 60 лет исследований, ученые совершили как минимум семь открытий
О самых главных открытиях в области изучения Марса рассказали авторы издания Smithsonian Magazine, которые пообщались с четырьмя специалистами по этой теме. Предлагаем вам краткое изложение того, что человечество узнало о Красной планете за более полувека исследований.
Содержание
- 1 На что похожа планета Марс
- 2 Температура на Марсе и пылевые бури
- 3 Есть ли вода на Марсе
- 4 Полярная шапка на Марсе
- 5 Магнитное поле на Марсе
- 6 Марсианские метеориты
- 7 Каким был Марс раньше
На что похожа планета Марс
Удивительно, но до 1965 года ученые не исключали, что на Марсе существует жизнь. Через мощные телескопы они видели, что на его поверхности есть структуры, которые напоминают постройки разумных существ. На потом мимо планеты пролетел зонд «Маринер-4» и сделал фотографии безжизненной поверхности.
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Исследовательский зонд «Маринер-4»
Поверхность Марса имеет множество скал и ударных кратеров, исцарапана сильными ветрами и лишена жидкой воды. Результаты свежих исследований говорят, что вода на Марсе есть, но только в форме льда, атмосферного пара и мелких атомов в структуре минералов.
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Поверхность Марса, снятая аппаратом «Кьюриосити»
На ней есть впечатляющая возвышенность, самая высокая гора в Солнечной системе — потухший вулкан Олимп высотой более 21 000 метров. Можно сказать, что он почти в 3 раза выше земной горы Эверест.
Температура на Марсе и пылевые бури
С помощью зонда «Маринер-4», ученые узнали еще кое-что интересное. Атмосферное давление на Марсе составляет всего лишь 0,7% от земного. Сила гравитации на ней гораздо меньше, а магнитного поля вовсе нет, из-за чего планета лишена толстой газовой оболочки. Из-за этого, Марс не способен удерживать в себе тепло, и днем температура воздуха составляет около -60 градусов Цельсия.
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На планете Марс очень холодно, это научно доказанный факт
Плотности атмосферы Марса хватает разве что для того, чтобы на планете возникали пылевые бури. Частицы пыли преимущественно состоят из оксида железа — по сути, это ржавчина, которая и придает планете характерный красноватый цвет. Находиться в марсианской буре опасно, потому что частицы летят со скоростью до 100 километров в час.
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Пылевые бури на Марсе — обычное дело
Из-за особенностей атмосферы, марсианский ветер не смог бы сбить человека с ног. Однако, частицы прилипают к солнечным панелям исследовательских аппаратов и из-за этого они ломаются. Именно пылевая буря стала причиной поломки марсохода «Оппортьюнити» в 2019 году.
Есть ли вода на Марсе
Впервые о том, что когда-то давно на Марсе была жидкая вода, ученые узнали после запуска аппарата «Маринера-9» в 1971 году. В первую очередь на это намекало то, что на поверхности планеты есть линии, которые явно образовались в результате течения воды. А в 2005 году исследовательский аппарат «Марс-Экспресс» нашел на Марсе следы минералов, которые могли образоваться только при наличии воды.
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Когда-то давно на Марсе протекали реки, это тоже доказано наукой
В 2012 году на Марс высадился аппарат «Кьюриосити». Он сел прямо в кратере Гейла, который миллиарды лет назад представлял собой дно озера с жидкой водой. Скорее всего, раньше Красная планета была полна воды потому, что имела более плотную атмосферу и температура на ней была выше, чем сейчас. Вода исчезла примерно 2-3 миллиарда лет назад.
Читайте также: Вода на Марсе существовала на один миллиард лет дольше
Полярная шапка на Марсе
Ученые 17 века смотрели на Марс через телескопы и видели на ней нечто похожее на полюса. Догадки ученых давних времен в 1969 году подтвердил аппарат «Маринер-7», который снял полюса Красной планеты крупным планом. По расчетам астрономов, они образовались примерно около 5 миллионов лет назад.
При помощи орбитальных аппаратов Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter и Mars Express было выяснено, что полярный лед Марса состоит из затвердевшего углекислого газа, воды в замерзшем состоянии и переносимой ветром пыли.
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Полярная шапка на Марсе
Ледяные шапки на Марсе могут появляться и исчезать с промежутком в сотни тысяч лет. Считается, что это происходит из-за того, что на планете происходят периоды потепления и похолодания.
Магнитное поле на Марсе
При помощи орбитальных аппаратов MAVEN -1 и Mars Global Surveyor ученые узнали, что на Марсе нет магнитного поля, как на Земле. Однако, на ней есть региональные поля, которые распределены по всей коре планеты.
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Магнитное поле есть только в некоторых участках Марса
Магнитное поле есть у многих планет, в том числе и у Земли. Оно возникает, когда протекающие в ядре планеты процессы производят электрический ток, который создает планетарный «электромагнит». Однако Марс, будучи меньшей планетой, остыл намного раньше, чем Земля, и происходящие внутри него процессы быстро утихли. Вместе с этим исчезло глобальное магнитное поле Марса. Однако, на его поверхности все еще остаются следы былого магнитного поля.
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Марсианские метеориты
В 1976 году на Марс высадились исследовательские аппараты «Викинг-1» и «Викинг-2». Они взяли образцы окружающей среды и состава атмосферы планеты — благодаря этим данным удалось выяснить, что примерно 300 упавших на Землю метеориты родом с Марса. Они образовались в результате столкновения с Марсом других объектов — ударная волна выкидывала обломки в космос, и некоторые из них долетали до нас. Такое может происходить даже сейчас, просто ученые редко могут все это зафиксировать.
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Некоторые упавшие на Землю метеориты родом с Марса
Читать всем: Почему некоторые метеориты взрываются в атмосфере Земли
Каким был Марс раньше
Благодаря совокупности всех перечисленных выше открытий у ученых есть основания предполагать, что миллиарды лет назад Марс был похож на Землю. Планетолог Джим Белл считает, что Красная планета была уютным местом, но по неизвестным причинам потом превратилась в пустыню. Не исключено, что в этом прекрасном месте жили бактерии и другие существа — поиском их следов занимаются нынешние марсоходы Perseverance и Curiosity.
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Миллиарды лет назад Марс выглядел примерно так
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Возможно, следы жизни на Марсе будут найдены в ходе изучения грунта планеты в лабораторных условиях. Их добычей сейчас занимается агентство NASA, а Китай хочет доставить марсианский грунт на Землю в 2031 году — раньше, чем США.
