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На планете Земля обитает примерно 50 тысяч видов пауков, которые пугают своим видом огромное количество людей. Среди них есть как огромные создания вроде тарантулов, так и крошечные паучки вроде скакунов. Считается, что многие виды пауков не ядовиты, но на самом деле это не так — у всех видов, кроме парочки исключений, имеются вырабатывающие яд железы. Когда речь идет о ядовитых видах, чаще всего имеется в виду, что они опасны для людей. Например, все чаще встречающиеся в России черные вдовы могут укусить так, что боль будет мучить жертву на протяжении двух недель. Остальные виды пауков, даже самые маленькие и живущие у нас в домах и квартирах, тоже ядовиты. Но состав и концентрация яда таковы, что он не может нам навредить. Для многих это может быть большим открытием, так что давайте поговорим об этом подробнее.

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Ядовитые железы отсутствуют только у пары видов пауков

Содержание

  • 1 Самые опасные для людей пауки
  • 2 Из чего состоит яд пауков
  • 3 Почему пауки ядовитые
  • 4 Опасны ли домашние пауки для людей

Самые опасные для людей пауки

Почти все пауки ядовиты, но для человека опасны только несколько десятков видов. Упомянутая выше черная вдова раньше встречалась только в теплых уголках нашей планеты, но уже несколько лет подряд на нее натыкаются жители России. Сами по себе они не агрессивны, но если их спровоцировать, то укуса редко удается миновать. Они впрыскивают в организм жертвы вещества, которые вызывают сильную боль на месте укуса, тошноту, судороги и даже паралич.

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Паук черная вдова

Также опасным созданием является коричневый паук-отшельник. Эти ядовитые малютки чаще всего встречаются в США и имеют длину в районе 2 сантиметров. Они любят заползать в трещины в стенах домов, так что часто остаются незамеченными. Их укус не заметен сразу — по ощущениям, они похожи на комариные. Однако спустя 3–4 часа возникают головные боли и тошнота. Впоследствии начинается некроз, то есть ткани тела начинают разрушаться. При отсутствии медицинской помощи человек может умереть.

Почти все пауки на Земле — ядовитые, но люди хорошо защищены - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Коричневый паук-отшельник

Одними из самых известных пауков, которые представляют большую угрозу для людей, являются тарантулы. Это не вид, а целый род, в который входят примерно 200 разновидностей. Большинство тарантулов не опасны, но существуют виды, которые своим укусом могут вызвать ужасную боль.

Почти все пауки на Земле — ядовитые, но люди хорошо защищены - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Некоторые тарантулы менее ядовиты, чем другие

Вам будет интересно: В Таиланде живут пауки, которые «светятся электричеством»

Из чего состоит яд пауков

Яд пауков, как и змей, состоит из смеси разных веществ. Например, в нем часто есть нейротоксины — они воздействуют на нервную систему жертв и часто лишают их возможности двигаться. Также в яде некоторых пауков содержатся цитотоксины, которые вызывают некроз, то есть смерть клеток организма. Часто после укуса пауков в организм попадают химические соединения, которые делают кровь густой, что часто приводит к смерти.

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Строение паука

Еще одна интересная статья Самые ядовитые растения в мире

Почему пауки ядовитые

Пауки вырабатывают яд не для того, чтобы убивать людей. Он им нужен только для того, чтобы не умереть с голода — яд помогает быстро убивать насекомых, которыми и питается большинство пауков.

Охота пауков на насекомых — это процесс, состоящий из множества шагов. В первую очередь они ловят добычу при помощи ловушек, сделанных из паутины. Некоторые виды пауков нападают на насекомых и других созданий из укрытия.

Почти все пауки на Земле — ядовитые, но люди хорошо защищены - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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У каждого вида пауков своя стратегия охоты

После этого пауки вонзают свои клыки (хелицеры) в тело добычи. Содержащиеся в яде вещества обездвиживают насекомых, а также превращают внутренности в жидкую кашицу. Эту смесь питательных веществ пауки просто всасывают в себя. После еды паук либо выбрасывает остатки своей жертвы, либо оставляет их прямо на паутине.

Читайте также: Насколько опасны пауки-птицееды и зачем им нужны волосы на теле

Опасны ли домашние пауки для людей

Таким способом охотятся даже маленькие паучки, которые живут у нас дома. И яд в их организме тоже есть, однако его концентрация настолько мала, что он действует только на крошечных насекомых. К тому же у маленьких пауков хелицеры настолько малы, что не могут прокусить человеческую кожу. Представителям некоторых видов удается сделать укус, но из-за малой концентрации яда человек максимум почувствует боль и у него возникнет отек.

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Домашний паук крупным планом

Согласно статистике, от укусов пауков в мире ежегодно умирает всего лишь несколько десятков человек. Если это действительно так, то пауки являются не более опасными созданиями, чем пчелы и осы. В некоторых случаях эти жужжащие насекомые могут быть более смертоносными, потому что содержащиеся в их яде вещества иногда вызывают сильную аллергию, способную привести к смерти.

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Наука по изучению пауков называется арахнологией. Специалисты в этой области часто делятся интересными открытиями. Например, они знают много интересного о пауках, которые плетут паутину под водой и поедают самок после спаривания.

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