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20.04.2024
18 4 minutes read

Мозг – самый сложный орган человеческого тела. Его устройство и работа вызывают огромное количество вопросов, ответы на которые ученые годами собирают по крупицам. Например, мы знаем что структура мозга, играющая ключевую роль в обучении (мозжечок) отлично справляется со своей работой, однако механизм, благодаря которому происходит данный процесс, до конца не изучен. Более того, исследователи продолжают делать изумительные открытия и даже находят в мозге ранее неизвестные нейроны. Так, команда португальского Фонда Шампалимо (Champalimaud Foundation) обнаружила так называемые «зомби-нейроны», которые, предположительно, помогают мозгу учиться. И нет, «зомби-нейроны» – это не монстры или опасные клетки, а функционально живые клетки которые по какой-то причине перестают нормально взаимодействовать с другими клетками. В то же самое именно они помогают мозжечку справляться со своей работой.

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В мозге обнаружены так называемые «зомби-нейроны». Что это такое? Изображение: /i.natgeofe.com

Содержание

  • 1 «Зомби-нейроны» и плодовые мушки
  • 2 Мозжечок, обучение и клетки Пуркинье
  • 3 «Зомби-нейроны» не помогают учиться
  • 4 Наука о мозге

«Зомби-нейроны» и плодовые мушки

В 2020 году исследователи из Университета Лозанны (UNIL) и Института химической экологии Макса Планка изучали мозг плодовых мушек (Drosophila melanogaster), пытаясь предотвратить гибель нейронов во время роста мозга. В работе, опубликованной в журнале Science Advances говорится, что при остановке гибели клеток в мозге развиваются новые нейронные связи, функции и свойства которых не идентичны функциям и свойствам существующих нейронов.

Это означает, что предотвращение гибели нейронов во время роста мозга у плодовых мушек делает так называемые «зомби-клетки» функционирующими нейронами. Когда нейроны, которые обычно умирают, защищены от апоптоза (клеточного самоубийства), они превращаются в так называемые зомби-нейроны.

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Орган обоняния у плодовой мушки. Слева — мушка, нейроны которой выделены фиолетовым цветом. Справа – мушка, нейроны которой, обреченные на гибель, были сохранены исследователями и превратились в новые зомби-нейроны (светло-зеленые). Изображение: crick.ac.uk

В процессе развития мозга большое количество нейронов разрушает себя в рамках важного регуляторного механизма, который удаляет лишние клетки. В определенных областях человеческого мозга апоптоз затрагивает около 50% нейронов, – отмечают авторы научной работы.

В ходе работы ученые генетически подавили последнюю стадию апоптоза в нейронах обонятельной системы мушек и обнаружили, что спасенные «зомби-клетки», которые в противном случае были бы уничтожены, превратились в функционирующие обонятельные нейроны, способные распознавать запахи. Таким образом, по словам одного из соавторов исследования Лючии Прието-Годино, апоптоз является одним из факторов, ответственных за то, как комары и плодовые мушки со временем адаптируются к различным условиям обитания.

«С эволюционной точки зрения, наши результаты показывают, что изменения в характере гибели клеток в нервной системе могут позволить биологическому виду адаптироваться к новым условиям окружающей среды, способствуя эволюции новых популяций нейронов с новыми структурными и функциональными свойствами«, – говорит Ричард Бентон, один из авторов научной работы.

Вам будет интересно: Ученые создали подробную 3D карту мозга плодовой мушки

Мозжечок, обучение и клетки Пуркинье

Теперь же ученые, изучающие процесс обучения у мышей, случайно наткнулись на «зомби-нейроны» и выяснили, какую именно роль они играют в этом процессе. В работе, недавно опубликованной в журнале Nature Neuroscience говорится, что все дело в мозжечке и том, как он усваивает информацию из окружающей среды.

Отметим, что нейробиологи уже более полувека спорят о том, как именно мозжечок – ключевая часть мозга, участвующая в управлении движениями и обучении – учится на самом деле. Ведущая теория предполагала, что обучающие сигналы передаются по восходящим волокнам к коре мозжечка, вызывая долговременные изменения в клетках Пуркинье – основным выходным клеткам мозжечка.

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Клетки Пуркинье – грушевидные нейроны коры мозжечка, одни из крупнейших в мозгу.
Изображение: cdn2.psychologytoday.com

Однако окончательных доказательств «гипотезы о лазящих волокнах» не было, хотя некоторые исследования предполагали, что изменения в выработке клеток Пуркинье сами по себе, без участия лазящих волокон, могут способствовать обучению.

Еще больше интересных статей читайте на нашем канале в Яндекс.Дзен – там регулярно выходят статьи, которых нет на сайте!

Поразительно, но результаты нового исследования предоставили убедительные доказательства тому, что лазящие волокна на самом деле обеспечивают необходимые обучающие сигналы для обучения мозжечка. Используя оптогенетику, при которой клетками управляют с помощью света, а также задачи обучения, выполняемые мышами, исследователи смогли продемонстрировать ключевую роль лазящих волокон в этом процессе.
Более того, активность лазящих волокон попросту необходима и даже достаточна для формы ассоциативного обучения. Но при чем тут «зомби-нейроны»?

«Зомби-нейроны» не помогают учиться

Тут начинается самое интересное – в попытках понять как именно обучается мозжечок ученые обратили внимание на «зомби-клетки», которые появились после введения мышам светочувствительного белка родопсина-2 (ChR2) в качестве части оптогенетических манипуляций, который, как оказалось, зомбировал клетки, поднимающиеся по волокнам.

Если говорить несколько проще, то под воздействием ChR2 «зобми-нейроны» были по-прежнему активны, однако сообщения, которые они передают нормальным клеткам, не передавались дальше. По сути, эти электрические импульсы каким-то образом оказались отключенными от других нейронных связей, что лишило мышей возможности учиться.

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Результаты нового исследования показывают, что даже незначительное нарушение передачи сигналов по лазящим волокнам, может значительно ухудшить обучение, зависящее от мозжечка. Изображение: i.guim.co.uk

Оказалось, что введение ChR2 в поднимающиеся волокна изменило их естественные свойства, не позволив им должным образом реагировать на стандартные сенсорные стимулы, такие как дуновение воздуха. Это, в свою очередь, полностью блокировало способность животных к обучению, – говорит нейробиолог Меган Кэри из Центра непознанного Шампалимо.

Результаты научной работы дарят нам гораздо более точное представление о том, как происходит процесс обучения в мозжечке у мышей. А учитывая сходство между мозгом мыши и человека, разумно предположить, что здесь задействованы одни и те же процессы.

Не пропустите: Неожиданные преимущества стареющих клеток-зомби у саламандр

Наука о мозге

Отметим, что наука о мозге и обо всем, как и чему он учится вызывает огромный интерес не только у ученых, но и простых смертных. Новые знания особенно впечатляют, так как мы уже знаем, что мозг адаптируется к изменениям и меняется с течением времени. И чем больше мы знаем о мозге, тем лучше можем защитить его и сохранить здоровым. Ну а авторы научной работы намерены понять почему экспрессия ChR2 приводит к «зомбированию» нейронов, и определить, распространяются ли полученные результаты на другие формы обучения мозжечка.

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Зомби-клетки не помогают мышам учиться. Изображение: d.newsweek.com

Так, следующим ключевым шагом будет более детальное изучение того, как в паттернах активности лазящих волокон кодируются обучающие сигналы, которые управляют всем спектром поведения, зависящего от мозжечка – от координации движений до когнитивных функций и обработки информации.

Вам будет интересно: От чего зависит здоровье мозга и как его сохранить?

Благодаря более точным инструментам, которые теперь доступны для мониторинга определенных элементов мозжечка и манипулирования ими, эта область готова к быстрому прогрессу, что, безусловно, не может не радовать!

Источник

20.04.2024
18 4 minutes read
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Ни в одном океанариуме нет гигантских кальмаров — вот три главные причины — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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08.10.2023

Почему пустыня Сахара последние 800 тысяч лет периодически покрывается пышной растительностью — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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18.09.2023

Можно ли ослепнуть от Оземпика — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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18.07.2024

Под озером Байкал обнаружено множество грязевых вулканов — что это значит — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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