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Когда вы впервые узнаете, сколько рек в России, вы будете сильно удивлены. На территории нашей страны насчитывается более 2,8 миллионов рек, общая длина которых составляет 12,4 миллиона километров. Большинство из них короткие и узкие, но существуют и такие гиганты, как Лена и Енисей. Все эти реки играют большую роль в экономике страны, обеспечивая нас пресной водой и даже электричеством (вода используется на гидроэлектростанциях). Также реки нужны для передвижения водного транспорта, поэтому важны для логистики. Жителям России с реками очень повезло, но в мире есть страны, на территории которых нет ни одной реки. Возникает вопрос: откуда они берут питьевую воду?

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Небоскреб Бурдж-аль-Мамляка в Эр-Рияде (Саудовская Аравия). Изображение: bigasia.ru

Содержание

  • 1 Самые сухие места на Земле
  • 2 Почему в пустынях не идут дожди
  • 3 Страна в которой нет ни одной реки
  • 4 Как добывают воду в пустынях
  • 5 Страны в которых мало воды

Самые сухие места на Земле

В мире существует 17 стран, на территории которых нет ни одной реки. Почти все они расположены на Аравийском полуострове, который считается самым крупным в мире.

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Спутниковый снимок Аравийского полуострова. Изображение: wikimedia.org

Полуостров издавна известен как одно из самых сухих мест на Земле, потому что находится в тропическом и субтропическом поясах. Это значит, что прямые лучи солнца падают на него целый год. Днем температура на Аравийском полуострове может превышать +50 градусов Цельсия.

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Температура песка в пустыне может достигать 80 градусов Цельсия. Изображение: tripadvisor.ru

Также в список самых сухих мест на Земле входят пустыня Атакама, Антарктическая пустыня и Долина смерти в США.

Почему в пустынях не идут дожди

Несмотря на то, что Аравийский полуостров омывается Индийским океаном, Персидским Заливом и Красным морем, источники воды находятся слишком далеко от его основной части. Дождевые облака, приходящие со стороны океанов, теряют большую часть влаги до того, как достигают внутренних частей полуострова.

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Пустыня Руб-эль-Хали в южной части Аравийского полуострова. Изображение: yugnash.ru

Также на полуострове много пустынь и там часто преобладает зона высокого давления. В таких условиях воздух опускается и нагревается, что дополнительно мешает образованию облаков.

В общем, на Аравийском полуострове очень жарко и сухо, поэтому в отсутствии рек на его территории нет ничего удивительного.

Страна в которой нет ни одной реки

Самая большая страна без рек — это Саудовская Аравия. Площадь арабского государства составляет внушительные 2 149 690 квадратных километров. При этом, около 95% этой территории занимает Аравийская пустыня. Города Саудовской Аравии очень большие: численность населения Эр-Рияда превышает 7 миллионов человек, а в Джидде живет более 4 миллионов мужчин и женщин. Все они вынуждены выживать при средней летней температуре +45 градусов Цельсия. В некоторых частях страны дожди не идут по несколько лет.

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Жители Саудовской Аравии. Изображение: picworld.ru

Как добывают воду в пустынях

Несмотря на отсутствие рек и дождей, вода в Саудовской Аравии есть. За многие годы жизни на засушливой территории, местные жители нашли весьма изобретательные способы добычи пресной воды.

В Саудовской Аравии развиты технологии опреснения морской воды. Примерно 60% всей потребляемой воды поступает в дома из опреснительных установок, которые находятся вдоль побережий.

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Установки для опреснения морской воды в Саудовской Аравии. Изображение: wholesalechemical.com

Также вода в Саудовской Аравии добывается из подземных источников, но этот ресурс постепенно истощается. Причина в том, что добыча воды из-под земли ведется уже несколько сотен лет, особенно много воды расходуется для полива растений. При этом запасы подземных вод не пополняются.

Миллионы лет назад на территории Аравийского полуострова текли реки, но на сегодняшний день они высохли и после них остались только русла. Во время редких дождей, в них набирается пресная вода, которую можно использовать после очистки. Также в Саудовской Аравии перерабатывают сточные воды для использования в сельском хозяйстве и промышленности.

Читайте также: Почему пустыня Сахара последние 800 тысяч лет периодически покрывается пышной растительностью

Страны в которых мало воды

Помимо Саудовской Аравии, рек лишены и другие страны Аравийского полуострова. Например, речных русел нет на землях Омана, Кувейта, Катара и ОАЭ. Все они тоже полагаются на подземные источники воды и системы опреснения и очистки воды.

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В Кувейте нет рек, но рядом с ним находится Персидский залив. Изображение: lenta.ru

А вот Йемену повезло, потому что на его юго-западе есть река Вади-Хадрамаут. Правда она тоже является сезонной рекой, то есть заполняется водой только в периоды дождей. Местность вдоль русла этой реки покрыта растительностью, а также в водах живут рыбы. Они выживают благодаря тому, что в периоды засухи вода в реке Вади-Хадрамаут исчезает не полностью.

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Рядом с рекой Вади-Хадрамаут живут люди. Изображение: waterresources.ru

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Государства без рек существуют и за пределами Аравийского полуострова. Например, в этот список можно внести Ватикан, который считается самым маленьким государством в мире. На его территории нет ни одной реки, он получает воду по трубам из Италии. В карликовом государстве Монако тоже не имеет ни одной реки и получает воду из Франции.

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