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Прямо сейчас вокруг Солнца летают полмиллиарда астероидов диаметром более 4 метров. Скорость их движения колоссальная — считается, что она составляет около 30 километров в секунду. В новостях нас несколько раз в год пугают тем, что к Земле приближается «астероид размером с небоскреб» и так далее. Если настолько крупный объект упадет на нашу планету с большой скоростью, произойдет катастрофа: некоторые поселения будут полностью разрушены, а вместе с ними погибнут десятки или даже сотни тысяч людей. К счастью, такого рода катастрофы мы видим только в фильмах, однако когда-нибудь такой кошмар может стать явью. Ученые постоянно следят за опасными для Земли космическими объектами. Как они понимают, насколько опасен для нас тот или иной астероид?

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Некоторые астероиды падают на Землю чаще, чем другие — у агентства NASA есть примерная статистика

Какие бывают астероиды

Астероиды — это относительно небольшие космические тела, которые движутся по орбите вокруг Солнца. Размеры астероидов могут составлять от 30 метров до десятков километров, но даже у самых крупных вариантов не имеется собственной атмосферы. Однако, у некоторых астероидов могут иметься спутники. Например, небольшой спутник есть у астероида (45) Евгения, который имеет диаметр около 214,6 километров. По происхождению большинство астероидов — это куски горных пород, оставшиеся после формирования Солнечной системы.

Как часто на Землю падают астероиды — стоит ли их бояться? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Астероид (45) Евгения, снятый «Очень большим телескопом»

Астрономам известно о существовании более миллиона астероидов — точное число неизвестно, и эта информация разнится в зависимости от источника. По информации NASA, на просторах Солнечной системы больше всего небольших объектов размером до 4 метров — они называются метеороидами. Логично, что больше всего урона могут нанести крупные астероиды, а маленькие не представляют для нас особой опасности.

Как часто на Землю падают астероиды — стоит ли их бояться? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Большинство небольших космических объектов сгорают в атмосфере Земли

В большинстве случаев, метеороиды полностью сгорают в земной атмосфере и даже не достигают поверхности. На небе это выглядит как падающая звезда, и если объект не сгорает полностью, на землю падает не сгоревший фрагмент — метеорит.

Читайте также: Куда пропадают упавшие на Землю метеориты и как их найти?

Как часто на Землю падают астероиды

У аэрокосмического агентства NASA есть наглядное изображение со статистикой падения на Землю астероидов разного размера. Объектов диаметром 4 метра много — недалеко от нашей планеты регулярно пролетает около 500 миллионов камней. Однако на Землю они падают редко, максимум раз в год.

Астероидов диаметром 25 метров примерно 5 миллионов штук — это тоже весьма внушительное число. Они падают на Землю примерно раз в 100 лет и могут нанести заметные разрушения за счет того, что не полностью сгорают в атмосфере.

Как часто на Землю падают астероиды — стоит ли их бояться? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Статистика падений астероидов по данным NASA

Космических объектом диаметром 140 метров известно примерно 25 тысяч штук. Их траектория полета проходит через место нахождения Земли раз в 20 000 лет. В случае их падения, на поверхности нашей планеты могут остаться кратеры размером в 1-2 километра.

Примерно раз в 500 000 лет на Землю падают объекты размером в 1 000 метров, то есть в 1 километр. В случае столкновения с таким астероидом на поверхности планеты может остаться кратер диаметром в 10 километров. Возникает огромный риск гибели всей цивилизации — в воздух может подняться столько пыли и пепла, что солнечный свет перестанет греть Землю, из-за чего всему живому будет холодно и не будет хватать еды.

Как часто на Землю падают астероиды — стоит ли их бояться? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Тяжесть последствий падения астероида на Землю зависит от того, куда именно он упадет — на сушу или воду

Наконец, раз в 100-200 миллионов лет на Землю падают 10-километровые астероиды. Если такой объект столкнется с Землей, на поверхности нашей планеты остается кратер диаметром в 100 километров. Города будут разрушены, еды будет не хватать и человечество с большой долей вероятности исчезнет. Последний раз астероид такой величины падал на Землю 66 миллионов лет назад — его диаметр составлял 14 километров. Именно после него на побережье Мексики остался 200-километровый кратер Чиксулуб. Этот же астероид считается причиной гибели динозавров и других древних животных.

Что произойдет, если на ваш город упадет астероид? Проверьте прямо сейчас

Система защиты от астероидов

На сегодняшний день астрономы открыли 95% астероидов диаметром более одного километра. Поиски остальных 5% ведутся — иногда они обнаруживаются в самый неожиданный момент.

Опасность астероидов оценивается по туринской шкале, которая также известна как шкала Торино. В ней используются значения от 0 до 10, где ноль означает полную безвредность наблюдаемого космического объекта, а десять — это неизбежное столкновение с последующей катастрофой. Чтобы дать оценку, ученые учитывают математическую вероятность столкновения и кинетическую энергию соударения.

Как часто на Землю падают астероиды — стоит ли их бояться? - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Оценка по шкале Торино — самое интересное, что можно узнать об астероидах

Поэтому, когда в новостях говорят об обнаружении астероида «размером с небоскреб» нужно интересоваться не его размером, а оценкой по шкале Торино. Ученые начинают говорить о приближении астероида к Земле, если он пролетит на расстоянии ближе, чем находится Луна — при подлете на менее 300 тысяч километров. Как правило, такие объекты не представляют реальной опасности.

Еще больше интересных статей вы найдете в нашем Дзен-канале. Подпишитесь прямо сейчас!

А на случай реальной угрозы, ученые уже несколько лет разрабатывают систему защиты от астероидов. Так, в 2022 году космический аппарат DART специально врезался в астероид и изменил направление его движения. В будущем такого рода технология может спасти жизни миллиардов человек.

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