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Самой длинной рекой в мире является Нил, а самой полноводной (с наибольшим количеством воды) — Амазонка. Однако обе они далеко не самые древние. Например, Нил возник 30 миллионов лет назад, а Амазонка еще позже — 9 миллионов лет назад. Но какая из существующих в наше время рек появилась раньше всех остальных? Сразу скажем, что точное определение возраста рек, особенно в течение длительного геологического периода, является достаточно сложной задачей. Поэтому ученые ведут споры относительно самой древней реки. Но зато можно сказать точно, что она возникла более чем на 100 миллионов лет раньше, чем динозавры.
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Самая древняя река на Земле, которая существует до сих пор, появилась на 100 миллионов лет раньше, чем динозавры. Источник фото: travel.yandex.ru
Содержание
- 1 Как ученые определяют возраст рек
- 2 Самая древняя река на Земле
- 3 Самая древняя река в Европе
- 4 Самая древняя река в России
Как ученые определяют возраст рек
Чтобы определить возраст реки, ученые берут во внимание ряд различных факторов. Прежде всего геологи исследуют окружающие экологические особенности, такие как горные хребты. Также они уделяют внимание отложениям в русле реки и изучают ее извилины. Напомним, что извилинами называются особенности русла, которые способны менять ландшафт из-за сотен миллионов лет эрозии.
Однако даже после изучения всех этих особенностей и ряда других факторов, ученые часто не могут точно определить возраст реки, в результате чего дают оценки, охватывающие широкий период времени. Ярким тому примером является река New River, протекающая в Северной Америке от Голубого хребта в Северной Каролине до Вирджинии и Западной Вирджинии, где она впадает в реку Канова. Ее длина составляет примерно 547 километров.
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Река New River возникла в период от 10 до 360 миллионов лет назад. Источник фото: nationalgeographic.com
По оценкам ученых, возраст этой реки составляет от 10 до 360 миллионов лет. Несмотря на оценку возраста с погрешностью в сотни миллионов лет, реку в 70-х годах назвали второй старейшей в мире. Но, как вы уже поняли, на самом деле нет никакой уверенности в том, что она действительно находится на втором месте по возрасту.
Самая древняя река на Земле
Большинство ученых считают, что самое древней рекой в мире является Финке в Австралии, которая еще известна под названием Ларапинта. Она берет свое начало в хребте Макдоннелл в Северной части Австралии и впадает в озеро Эйр, самое большое озеро на континенте, расположенное в низинной пустынной местности штата Южная Австралия. В результате длина реки составляет 600-750 километров.
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Река Финке считается самой старой на Земле. Источник фото: travelask.ru
Считается, что эта река возникла 350-400 миллионов лет назад. Примечательно, что она течет всего несколько раз в год, во время сильных дождей. Когда дожди проходят, вода уходит в пески пустыни Симпсона, в результате чего река редко достигает озера Эйр.
Для оценки возраста реки, ученые проанализировали различные факторы, связанные с геологией. Например, на участке хребта Джеймса, Финке протекает через глубоко врезанные меандры, то есть в изгибах, образованных выходом скальных пород на поверхность. Меандры образуются только на плоских равнинах. Это говорит о том, что река возникла до того, как горные хребты поднялись вверх.
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Большую часть года русло реки Финке выглядит так. Источник фото: iflscience.com
По мнению исследователей, река появилась во время образования горы Алис-Спрингс, которая достигла пика в период между 300 и 400 млн лет назад, то есть между девонским и каменноугольным периодами палеозойской эры. Правда, ученые все еще не уверены, что Финке является самой древней рекой на планете, но, в любом случае она является одной из самых древних. К слову, недавно в русле Финке ученые обнаружили останки доисторической хищной рыбы возрастом 380 миллионов лет. Это подтверждает тот факт, что река действительно очень древняя.
Самая древняя река в Европе
Самой древней рекой не европейском континента считается река Маас, которая протекает по территории Франции, Бельгии и Нидерландов. Ее длина составляет около 950 километров. Река берет начало на плато Лангр во Франции. На территории Нидерландов она соединяется с рукавом Рейна, образуя общую дельту и впадает в Северное море.
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Река Маас считается самой древней на европейском континенте. Источник фото: pixabay.com
По оценкам ученых, возраст этой реки составляет от 320 до 340 миллионов лет. Надо сказать, что в XVIII веке в известняковом карьере в Маастрихте на Маасе были обнаружены ископаемые остатки морских хищных ящеров мозазавров. Эти животные получили свое название в честь реки Маас, а точнее — ее латинского названия «Mosa».
Самая древняя река в России
В России самой старой считается река Амур, возраст современного русла которой оценивается в 5-7 миллионов лет. Эта река также является и одной из крупнейших в стране — ее длина достигает 2824 км.
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Амур считается самой древней рекой в России. Источник фото: dzen.ru
Бассейн реки Амур расположен в умеренных широтах Восточной Азии. Она протекает по территории России, а также Монголии и Китая. Причем большая часть русла Амур служит естественной границей между Россией и Китаем. К слову, в Китае Амур называется “Рекой Черного Дракона”, так как согласно легенде, в ней когда-то жил черный дракон.
Обязательно посетите наши каналы Дзен и Telegram, здесь вас ждут самые интересные новости из мира науки и последние открытия!
Относительно возраста реки ученые ведут споры. Предположительно Амур протекал еще в меловом периоде, то есть 140-66 миллионов лет назад, но течение пересекает горные хребты, которые еще старше. Однако, как уже было сказано выше, современное русло возникло позже — в верхнем миоцене, 5–7 миллионов лет назад.
