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По расчетам ученых, в галактике Млечный путь может существовать до 100 миллионов черных дыр. Это места с настолько мощной гравитацией, что попадающие в них объекты никогда не возвращаются обратно. Черные дыры притягивают к себе даже фотоны света, которые считаются самыми быстрыми объектами во Вселенной — будучи мощными поглотителями света, черные дыры всегда темные, из-за чего и получили название. Из-за отсутствия какого-либо свечения и формы, ученые не могут увидеть черные дыры при помощи телескопов напрямую, поэтому изучать их очень сложно. Самая близкая к Земле черная дыра была найдена астрономами в 2023 году, и это очень важное открытие. Может ли найденный объект затянуть нас в себя и стать причиной конца человечества?

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Найти черную дыру в космосе сложно, но ученые способны даже на такое

Содержание

  • 1 Что такое черная дыра простыми словами
  • 2 Что происходит внутри черной дыры
  • 3 Как ученые открывают черные дыры
  • 4 Самая близкая черная дыра

Что такое черная дыра простыми словами

Чтобы понять, что из себя представляют черные дыры, лучше сначала вспомнить, что такое скорость света. Под этим термином понимают быстроту движения фотонов света — она составляет 299 792 458 метров в секунду. Во Вселенной нет ничего, что может двигаться быстрее света.

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В галактике Млечный путь может быть до 100 миллионов черных дыр, но во Вселенной их несчетное количество

Черные дыры — это места с настолько сильной гравитацией, что под ее влияние попадают даже скоростные фотоны света. Считается, что черные дыры возникают после того, что сверхмассивные звезды останавливают термоядерные процессы и гаснут. Когда звезда гаснет, она начинает сжиматься до размеров нейтронной звезды. В результате сгорания звезды образуется невероятно большое количество массы с высокой плотностью, которая искажает пространство. У образованной черной дыры есть горизонт событий — граница, из которой объекты не могут выбраться обратно.

Где находится самая близкая к Земле черная дыра - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Черные дыры искажают пространство и время

Статья в тему: Что произойдет, если рядом с Землей появится черная дыра?

Что происходит внутри черной дыры

Каждая черная дыра разная, у них разные размеры и свойства. Это настолько сложный объект, что его устройство сложно представить даже самым умным людям на Земле. То, что происходит с объектами внутри черной дыры, ученые предполагают только путем сложных вычислений.

Считается, что даже очень крупные объекты попадают в черную дыру очень быстро — речь идет о секундах. Каждая «жертва» черной дыры меняет свою форму и для него пространство и время перестают существовать как отдельные явления. Согласно теории «вращающегося вихря», объекты в черной дыре становятся длинными и выглядят как лапша, которая кружится в центре кастрюли.

Где находится самая близкая к Земле черная дыра - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Считается, что внутри черных дыр объекты вытягиваются

Предположений о том, что находится внутри черных дыр, очень много. Некоторые ученые считают, что там находятся другие Вселенные, но в более сжатой форме. Подробно об этой идее рассказывала моя коллега Любовь Соковикова в статье «Можно ли путешествовать по Вселенной с помощью черных дыр?».

Как узнать что находится внутри черных дыр? И причем тут гравитационные волны?

Как ученые открывают черные дыры

Все черные дыры находятся далеко от Земли и, к тому же, являются невидимыми для телескопов. Несмотря на это, астрономы разработали сразу несколько способов охоты на них — благодаря им уже подтверждено существование нескольких десятков черных дыр. В начале статьи мы говорили, что их около 100 миллионов штук, но это всего лишь результат сложных вычислений, потому что современные ученые физически не смогли бы открыть так много космических объектов.

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Обнаружить черные дыры напрямую невозможно, потому что они практически невидимы

Астрономы способны заподозрить о существовании черной дыры, ориентируясь на искажении света от находящихся рядом с ними звезд. Иногда соседние звезды начинают попадать под воздействие черной дыры, раскаляться и выделять мощное излучение, которое можно заметить через телескоп. Также на наличие черной дыры может указывать слабое колебание находящихся рядом звезд.

Вам будет интересно: В космосе есть астероид из золота — он может сделать всех людей миллиардерами

Самая близкая черная дыра

На протяжении многих лет самой близкой к Земле черной дырой считалась HR 6819, расположенная в 1 000 световых лет от нас. Но результаты научных исследований показали, что это двойная звездная система без черной дыры.

Также кандидатом на звание самой близкой к Земле черной дыры являлся объект, который располагается в созвездии Единорога рядом со звездой V723 Mon. Он может находиться на расстоянии 1 120 световых лет.

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Единорог также привлекает ученых тем, что может быть самой маленькой известной науке черной дырой

По данным Space.com, самой близкой к Земле черной дырой является Gaia BH1. Она находится в 1 560 световых годах от нас, в созвездии Змееносца. Она была открыта при помощи европейского телескопа Gaia и наземной обсерватории Gemini на Гавайях. Эти же аппараты открыли черную дыру Gaia BH2, которая находится на расстоянии 3 800 световых лет, в созвездии Центавра.

Где находится самая близкая к Земле черная дыра - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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К сожалению, как выглядит черная дыра Gaia BH1 мы можем представлять только в фантазиях

Самой известной черной дырой, пожалуй, является Стрелец A*. Он располагается в самом центре галактики Млечный путь, на расстоянии 26 670 световых лет от нас. В 2022 году моя коллега Любовь Соковикова рассказала, что на новом изображении черной дыры Стрелец А* видны сгустки энергии. Не стоит путать это изображение с самой первой фотографией черной дыры в истории, которая была сделана в 2019 году — на ней изображена тень черной дыры Messier 87.

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Сверхмассивная черная дыра Messier 87

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Ни одна, даже самая близкая на данный момент черная дыра не может стать причиной гибели Земли — в космических масштабах они находятся рядом, но не настолько, чтобы как-то на нас воздействовать. К гибели нашей планеты может привести только прямое столкновение с черной дырой, и ученые считают, что в ближайшие миллиарды лет это невозможно. Когда-нибудь Солнце погаснет, но не факт, что она превратится в черную дыру, потому что для этого должны совпасть определенные факторы.

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