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На Земле существует одно уникальное животное, которое полностью вымирает каждый год, но при этом каждый раз возрождается. Причем это вымирание не связано сокращением популяции, а является эволюционной особенностью, которая позволила этому существу приспособиться к условиям окружающей среды. Речь идет о пресмыкающемся, известном как хамелеон Лаборда (Furcifer Labordi), обитающем в юго-западной части Мадагаскара. Срок жизни данного животного не превышает 4-5 месяцев, при этом несколько месяцев в году этого вида просто не существует. Из-за короткой продолжительности жизни хамелеоны Лаборда являются еще и одними из самых маложивущих четвероногих позвоночных.
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Хамелеоны Furcifer Labordi ежегодно вымирают на несколько месяцев
Хамелеоны Лаборда — вымирающие ящерицы
Хамелеоны Лаборда начинают свою жизнь, синхронно вылупляясь из яиц в начале сезона дождей в ноябре. Размеров взрослой особи они достигают уже к январю. Менее чем за два месяца хамелеоны увеличиваются в размерах в 4—5 раз, что делает их рекордсменами по скорости роста.
Половой зрелости Furcifer Labordi достигают в возрасте менее двух месяцев, о чем сообщается в исследовании 2017 года. Длина тела самцов достигает 9 см, а самки вырастают в длину до 7 см.
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Самцы Furcifer Labordi в длину достигают 9 см
После спаривания хамелеоны начинают быстро стареть, и уже к концу сезона дождей, который наступает в марте, они массово вымирают. Таким образом, яйца этих существ развиваются дольше, чем длится их жизнь на земле.
Почему Хамелеоны Лаборда вымирают
Как сообщает издание IftScince, самки умирают спустя всего несколько часов после того, как откладывают яйца и засыпают их песком. Причина заключается в том, что на производство яиц они тратят всю свою энергию. Очевидно, энергии требуется немало, так как яйцам необходимо пережить под землей длительную засуху. В виде развивающегося эмбриона хамелеоны проводят 8-9 месяцев, то есть, как уже было сказано выше, большую часть своей жизни находятся в яйце.
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Хамелеоны Лаборда погибают с окончанием сезона дождей
Короткая продолжительность жизни является адаптацией этих существ к окружающей среде. Эта особенность позволяет им пережить жаркий засушливый сезон. По сути, они его пропускают, находясь в это время в яйце, в результате чего не испытывают каких-либо трудностей, связанных с резким сезонным изменением климата.
Надо сказать, что в разных регионах Мадагаскара время вымирания этих хамелеонов разное. В более теплых и влажных районах взрослые особи живут немного дольше. А однажды ученые даже обнаружили, что самка после аномально длительного сезона дождей смогла прожить дольше обычного, в результате чего дождалась следующего сезона размножения.
Также ученые смогли искусственно продлить жизнь самцам, удерживая их в благоприятных условиях. Однако в дикой природе, как правило, после размножения все взрослые особи вымирают. Поэтому несколько месяцев в году в мире не существует хамелеонов Furcifer Labordi.
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В момент смерти кожа хамелеона Лаборда переливается различными цветами
Хамелеоны меняют цвет кожи, когда умирают
Однажды, когда ученые хотели проследить весь цикл жизни хамелеона и заснять его на камеру, обнаружили одну необычную особенность, которую никогда ранее в природе не наблюдали. В последние минуты жизни кожа хамелеона покрылась хаотичными разноцветными узорами. Как сообщает издание Live Science, перед смертью кожа хамелеона мерцает и меняет цвет, словно фейерверк.
Такая особенность имеет довольно простое объяснение. Чтобы изменить цвет кожи, хамелеоны расширяют или сжимают специальные клетки, которые содержат нанокристаллы. При этом изменяется то, как эти нанокристаллы отражают свет. Напомним, что используя этот принцип, ученые даже создали особый материал, способный менять цвет.
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Во время гибели животного, нервные сигналы начинают хаотично передаваться и изменять форму клеток кожи, в результате чего и возникают хаотичные разноцветные узоры. Как сообщают ученые, в последние минуты жизни, изменяя цвет кожи, хамелеоны как будто произносят свои последние слова.
Переходите по ссылке на наш ДЗЕН КАНАЛ. Мы подготовили для вас множество интересных, захватывающих материалов, посвященных науке.
Напоследок предлагаем ознакомиться с другим не менее необычным хамелеоном. Его особенность заключается в размерах. Длина этого животного не превышает 25 миллиметров. К слову, эти существа тоже были обнаружены на острове Мадагаскар.
