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10.09.2024
3 3 minutes read

Ржавчина – самый коварный враг всех железных конструкций. Она незаметно, но уверенно разрушает их как на воздухе, так и в воде, превращая прочные конструкции в хрупкие развалины. Казалось бы, сталь, являясь улучшенным сплавом железа, должна быть более устойчивой к ржавчине. Но и она плохо от нее защищена. Мы сталкиваемся с последствиями коррозии в повседневной жизни ежедневно: ржавчина портит машины, повреждает бытовую технику и нарушает целостность зданий. Однако есть исключение — нержавеющая сталь. Как можно понять из названия, она не подвержена ржавчине. Что же делает этот материал таким уникальным? Давайте разберемся, в чем кроется секрет стойкости нержавейки.

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Нержавеющая сталь — дорогой материал, обладающий уникальными свойствами. Изображение: aradbranding.com

Из-за чего образуется ржавчина

Если говорить простыми словами, ржавчина появляется на металлических конструкциях и технике из-за реакции железа с кислородом и влагой. Когда металл долго контактирует с водой и воздухом, кислород проникает в металлическую структуру и начинает медленно разрушать ее изнутри.

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Ржавчина — это оксид железа, образующийся на поверхности металлических изделий под воздействием кислорода и влаги, вызывая их коррозию. Источник: myfreetextures.com

По данным All The Science, это похоже на то, как если бы кусочки кислорода съедали металл, образуя на его поверхности ржавый налет. В соленой среде, как в морской воде, процесс протекает еще быстрее. Вода проникает в мельчайшие трещины на металле, и это ускоряет разрушение. Более тонкие металлы ржавеют быстрее и могут полностью разрушиться.

Ржавчина может разрушить даже очень большие конструкции. Например, она уже почти уничтожила печально известный «Титаник», который лежит на дне Атлантического океана с рокового 1912 года.

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Текущее состояние «Титаника» под водой. Фотография: artnet.com

Какой металл не ржавеет

Нержавеющая сталь, которая в народе больше известна просто как нержавейка, это сплав, который обладает устойчивостью к коррозии. Существует разные марки нержавеющей стали, в состав которых могут входить хром, никель, углерод, азот и многие другие соединения.

По данным Live Science, нержавеющая сталь остается устойчивой к ржавчине благодаря особому составу. В отличие от обычной стали, которая за исключением нескольких добавок почти полностью состоит из железа (около 99%), нержавеющая сталь всегда содержит важный элемент — хром. Именно он защищает сталь от окисления. В обычной стали железо активно реагирует с кислородом, образуя ржавчину, которая разрушает металл. А в нержавеющей стали хром создает на поверхности защитный слой, который препятствует проникновению кислорода в железо.

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Из нержавеющей стали изготавливают трубы и многие другие изделия, которые часто контактируют с водой. Изображение: tekhmet.ru

Этот защитный слой толщиной всего в несколько нанометров невидим для глаз, но надежно выполняет свою работу. Если это покрытие повредить, оно может само восстановиться. Вода, кислород и другие вещества для хрома не страшны, потому что он инертен, то есть не вступает в реакции с окружающей средой. Этот факт делает нержавеющую сталь идеальной для использования там, где важна гигиеничность и чистота — например, в медицине и кулинарии.

Справедливости ради стоит отметить, что в определенных условиях даже нержавейка может покрыться ржавчиной. Например, она подвергается коррозии в соленой воде, а также при нарушении технологий сварки.

Читайте также: В чем секрет Кутубовой колонны — железного столба, который не ржавеет сотни лет

Кто изобрел нержавеющую сталь

История нержавеющей стали началась в 1912 году, когда английский металлург Гарри Брирли пытался создать сплав для защиты оружейных стволов от коррозии. На протяжении нескольких месяцев он экспериментировал с различными комбинациями железа, углерода, хрома и никеля.

Несмотря на то, что ни один из созданных сплавов не подошел для стволов, Брирли заметил, что один материал, который он выбросил на задний двор, не ржавел даже после нескольких недель лежания на улице. Вдохновленный этим открытием, он продолжил свои эксперименты и в 1915 году представил миру новый материал, который мы сегодня знаем как нержавеющую сталь.

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Гарри Брирли изобрел нержавеющую сталь случайно. Изображение: fishki.net

С тех пор нержавеющая сталь стала крайне популярной и сейчас составляет около 4% от всего стали, используемой ежегодно во всем мире. Несмотря на свою популярность, производство нержавеющей стали остается дорогим и по сей день: ее стоимость в три-пять раз выше, чем у обычной стали.

Специальные добавки, такие как молибден (для использования стальных конструкций под водой), могут еще больше увеличить цену. Поэтому в большинстве случаев используется обычная сталь, которая защищена краской или другими покрытиями.

Неожиданное открытие: Ржавчина может защитить космические аппараты от радиации

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10.09.2024
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06.11.2023

Зарядка на 1000 км за 9 минут: прорыв в области аккумуляторов для электромобилей — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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03.08.2024

Как изготавливают неоновые лампы — секрет рекламных вывесок — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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10.09.2024

Как искусственный интеллект изобретает новые лекарства? — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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13.04.2024
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