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Млечный Путь — это галактика, в которой находится наша Солнечная система и планета Земля. Первым о ее существовании догадался итальянский ученый Галилео Галилей, когда через телескоп увидел на небе огромное скопление звезд. Однако он и предположить не мог, что это целая галактика, такого термина в его времена еще не существовало. Спустя многие годы, в 18 веке, ученые Иммануил Кант и Томас Райт предположили, что Млечный Путь это состоящий из звезд огромный диск, внутри которого находится наша Солнечная система. И лишь в начале 20 века Эдвин Хаббл нашел убедительные доказательства того, что Млечный Путь является одной из множества галактик во Вселенной. В интернете можно найти много изображений того, как выглядит Млечный Путь. Но ни один из этих «снимков» не является настоящим. Как вы думаете, почему?
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Это не фотография Млечного Пути, а изображение, созданное художником. Источник: kipmu.ru
На самом деле, ответ на этот вопрос очень прост, и дать его может любой человек. Тем не менее космический аналитик NASA Александра Дотен (Alexandra Doten) объяснила причину для тех, кто никогда не увлекался космосом.
Как выглядит галактика Млечный Путь
Любое изображение Млечного Пути в интернете и книгах — это картинка, созданная художниками. За всю историю человечества люди не сделали ни одну фотографию родной галактики, и вряд ли кому-то удастся это сделать.
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Модель внешнего вида Млечного Пути. Источник: eso.org
Важно отметить, что речь идет только об изображениях, где Млечный Путь предстает в виде огромной спирали в космосе. А если на фотографии изображена яркая линия из множества звезд на небе — это настоящий снимок, на которой виден галактический центр, рукава галактики и пылевые облака.
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Фотография Млечного Пути с Земли. Источник: astronet.ru
Солнечная система находится в рукаве Ориона. С этого ракурса мы можем увидеть центр галактики, где находится черная дыра Стрелец A*, а также некоторые рукава и плотные облака газа и пыли.
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Местоположение Солнечной системы в Млечного пути. Источник: astronet.ru
Чтобы увидеть галактику Млечный Путь со стороны, человечеству нужно построить невообразимо мощный космический корабль, который способен преодолеть расстояние в тысячи световых лет. Если учесть, что на сегодняшний день мы не можем отправить людей даже на соседний Марс, такая миссия будет осуществлена не скоро. Возможно, мы вообще никогда не покинем пределы Млечного Пути, и космические путешествия так и останутся на страницах научно-фантастических книг.
Статья в тему: Вокруг чего вращается галактика Млечный Путь
Первые фотографии Земли
Мы не можем посмотреть на галактику Млечный Путь со стороны так же, как десятки лет назад не могли увидеть, как на самом деле выглядит планета Земля. О том, какую форму имеет Млечный Путь, мы знаем только благодаря результатам изучения движения звезд и других собранных телескопами данных. Точно так же раньше мы знали, что Земля имеет овальную форму, только благодаря составлению карт поверхности и математическим вычислениям.
Первая фотография Земли была сделана в октябре 1946 года на камеру, которая была прикреплена американской баллистической ракете V-2. Снимок получился черно-белым, с низким разрешением и не охватывал весь земной шар.
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Первая фотография Земли из космоса, сделанная в 1946 году. Источник: nasa.gov
Качественная фотография земного шара была снята в 1972 году, с борта космического корабля «Аполлон-17». Членами экипажа были астронавты Рон Эванс и Харрисон Шмитт — траектория их полета на Луну впервые сделала возможным создание настолько детального снимка.
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Первая цветная фотография Земли, которой дали название «Блю марбл». Источник: nasa.gov
Читать всем: Самые удивительные фотографии Земли из космоса за всю историю наблюдений
Фотография галактики Андромеда
Сделать панорамный снимок Млечного Пути невозможно, потому что мы находимся внутри нее, это мы уже поняли. А вот детальные снимки Андромеды и других галактик сделать можно.
В 2015 году космический телескоп Хаббла сделал одну из самых качественных фотографий галактики Андромеды, который охватил 100 миллионов звезд. Чтобы сделать снимок, пришлось сделать много разных кадров, а потом склеить их в одно изображение — по сути, астрономы собирали огромный пазл.
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Галактика Андромеды, снятая космической обсерваторией Хаббла. Источник: nasa.gov
Отдельные части галактик удается рассмотреть даже астрономам, которые занимаются этим на любительском уровне. Но наиболее детализированные снимки получаются только у дорогих космических обсерваторий. Посмотреть на сделанными ими кадры можно на сайте телескопа Хаббл и коллекции изображений и видео космического агентства NASA.
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Помимо Млечного Пути и Андромеды, ученые тщательно изучают Большое и Малое Магеллановы Облака. Расстояние от нас до них составляет около 150 000 световых лет, что в космических масштабах очень мало. Наблюдение за этими объектами может рассказать многое о строении Вселенной и образовании звезд. Подробности об этом читайте в нашей статье «Астрономы годами смотрят на Магеллановы Облака: что они ищут?».
