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04.06.2024
11 3 minutes read

У подавляющего большинства живых организмов на Земле есть веки — подвижные складки из кожи, которые нужны для увлажнения и защиты глаз. Чтобы сохранить здоровье органов зрения, мы рефлекторно моргаем примерно 15-20 раз в минуту, используя специальные мышцы на лице. У людей строение век относительно простое, а вот у некоторых видов животных они устроены гораздо сложнее. Например, у живущих рядом с нами кошек и собак имеется третье веко, которое нужно для дополнительной защиты органов зрения от сухости и повреждений. У далеких предков человека третье веко тоже имелось, но эволюция распорядилась так, что оно не сохранилось. Почему так произошло?

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У многих животных третье веко играет очень важную роль. Источник изображения: iflscience.com

Содержание

  • 1 Что такое третье веко
  • 2 Для чего нужно третье веко
  • 3 Почему у людей нет третьего века
  • 4 У каких животных нет век

Что такое третье веко

Верхнее и нижнее веко всех животных движутся вертикально и всегда находятся на виду. Третье веко у кошек, собак и многих других животных движется горизонтально, будто бы дверце шкафа-купе. К тому же, большую часть времени третье веко скрыто: хозяева кошек и собак могут заметить его когда питомец спит с приоткрытыми глазами или когда их медленно гладят.

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Третье веко собаки. Источник изображения: pdsa.org.uk

В то время как верхние и нижние веки состоят из кожи, третье веко представляет собой складку конъюнктивы — тонкой, прозрачной слизистой оболочки, которая покрывает белую часть глаза (склеру) и внутреннюю поверхность век. Помимо кошек и собак, третье веко имеется у некоторых других видов млекопитающих и даже птиц.

Для чего нужно третье веко

На протяжении многих лет ученые не могли назвать точную функцию третьего века. Согласно результатам исследований, третье веко выполняет ту же функцию, что и основные веки — оно нужно для дополнительного увлажнения и устранения мусора.

Третье веко жизненно необходимо как для домашних, так и для диких животных. Например, от них сильно зависят породы собак с плоскими мордочками — у них глаза выпуклые и особенно сильно подвержены высыханию и травмам.

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У мопсов очень уязвимые глаза. Источник изображения: sobakovod.club

У диких животных третье веко работает еще интереснее. У верблюдов третье веко имеет высокую прозрачность, поэтому во времена песчаных бурь они могут идти вперед, полностью прикрыв глаза защитным слоем.

У морских млекопитающих ламантинов, которые являются родственниками вымерших морских коров, полупрозрачное третье веко необходимо для сохранения зрения во время подводного плавания.

Почему у животных есть третье веко, а у людей его нет - Hi-News.ru">/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Третье веко помогает орлам летать на высокой скорости. Источник изображения: audubon.org

Птицы тоже могут иметь третье веко, которое защищает от потоков воздуха во время быстрого полета. Некоторые виды птиц используют защитный слой глаза во время кормления детенышей — когда родитель приносит очередного червячка, голодные птенцы запросто могут клюнуть его в глаз. Благодаря третьему веку, им удается спастись от внезапных ударов детенышей.

В полярных регионах, где земля покрыта блестящим снегом, ультрафиолетовые лучи могут запросто повредить (буквально выжечь!) глаза. Чтобы не допустить снежной слепоты, у многих арктических животных вроде белых медведей есть третье веко, поглощающие ультрафиолетовое излучение.

Читайте также: Подборка самых пугающих животных в истории Земли

Почему у людей нет третьего века

У человека, как и у многих других млекопитающих, были далекие предки с третьим веком. Речь идет не про неандертальцев и даже не про древних обезьян — имеются в виду доисторические животные, которые давно вымерли, но от которых мы произошли.

Имевшееся у наших предков третье веко нам не передалось. По мнению ученых, это связано с тем, что глаза человека и приматов меньше подвержены угрозе во время охоты. К тому же, они настолько чувствительны, что верхние и нижние веки автоматически закрываются в случае опасности.

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Полулунная складка человека. Источник изображения: octobercinema.ru

Однако, третье веко у человека не исчезло без следа. Во внутреннем углу глаза, ближе к носу, у нас есть небольшой слой ткани под названием полулунная складка. Она выглядит как небольшой фрагмент розовой и красноватой ткани. Он считается рудиментарным органом, который когда-то давно выполнял важную функцию, но сегодня никакой пользы не несет.

Вам будет интересно: Почему не существует людей с цветными волосами

У каких животных нет век

У людей есть верхние и нижние веки, у кошек у собак — дополнительное, третье веко. Но у некоторых видов животных нет ни того, ни другого. Например, век не имеют рыбы, потому что их глаза и так прекрасно смачиваются водой. Также век лишены змеи, ведь их глаза защищены прозрачной чешуей.

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Рыбы не имеют век, потому что их глаза и так прекрасно смачиваются. Источник изображения: metronews.ru

А вы уже подписаны на наши каналы в Дзен и Telegram? Если нет, самое время это исправить!

Напоследок стоит отметить, что у нас есть еще одна похожая статья «Почему у людей не растет шерсть — самые популярные гипотезы». Обязательно к прочтению!

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04.06.2024
11 3 minutes read
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Что будет с Россией, если в 2029 году на Землю упадет астероид Апофис — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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01.08.2024

Подростковая одежда оптом: преимущества для бизнеса

14.10.2024

Почему пропавших людей не ищут при помощи спутников — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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