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Многие космические агентства, включая НАСА, планируют в ближайшем будущем осуществить пилотируемые полеты на Луну и на Марс. Однако мощности существующих ракет и двигателей для таких миссий недостаточно. Поэтому НАСА работает над созданием вращающихся детонационных ракетных двигателей, которые при меньшем весе способны обеспечить гораздо более мощную тягу. Примечательно, что новые двигатели распечатывают на 3D принтере. Эта технология подразумевает изготовление объемных изделий на основе цифровых моделей путем постепенного послойного нанесения материала, в данном случае — медного сплава.
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Ракетный двигатель RDRE, распечатанный на принтере
Новый ракетный двигатель НАСА RDRE
Как сообщает издание SciTechDaily, центр космических полетов имени Маршалла НАСА сообщил об огневых испытаниях вращающегося детонационного ракетного двигателя, или сокращенно RDRE. Агрегат, созданный на 3D принтере, беспрерывно работал более четырех минут и смог создать значительную тягу.
Как сообщает инженер, специалист по двигателям Томас Тизли, возглавлявший испытания RDRE, продолжительности горения в четыре минуты достаточно, чтобы в реальных условиях посадочный модуль мог приземлиться или вывести корабль в космосе на нужный курс.
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Детонационные ракетные двигатели отличаются более высокой эффективностью, чем существующие двигатели
Надо сказать, что первое испытание RDRE прошло еще летом 2022 года. Задача нынешнего же испытания заключалась в том, чтобы выяснить как лучше масштабировать камеру сгорания, чтобы получить в итоге двигатели разных классов тяги. Это позволит использовать их для разных задач — посадочных модулей, разгонных модулей, в качестве сверхзвуковых двигателей и т.д.
Кроме того, в ходе тестирования RDRE выяснилось, что данные агрегаты способны работать долгое время в экстремальных условиях. Обычные двигателя подвергаются гораздо меньшей нагрузки, так как внутри их камеры сгорания не возникает детонации. Таким образом, технология 3D-печати подходит для изготовления сверхпрочных узлов ракет, выдерживающих экстремальную нагрузку.
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Ракетные двигатели RDRE будут использованы для пилотируемых посадочных модулей
Что такое двигатели RDRE
Главная особенность двигателей RDRE заключается в том, что при детонации, то есть взрыве, продукты горения расширяются со сверхзвуковой скоростью. В результате двигатель создает гораздо большую тягу, но при этом потребляет меньше энергии. Проще говоря, эти двигатели более эффективные. В обычных де двигателях топливо не взрывается, а сгорает, образуя струю. Напомним, что НПО «Энергомаш» тестировало детонационный двигатель еще в 2016 году.
Вращающимися двигателя называются по той причине, что взрывная волна закручивается. Закручивание волны придает агрегату дополнительную мощность. Во время тестирования, RDRE продемонстрировал свою эффективность в очередной раз.
При работе на полной мощности, агрегат произвел тягу свыше 2,63 тонны, при этом среднее давление в камере составило 42 атм. Этот показатель в три раза превышает показатель, который выдал ракетный двигатель RDRE во время предыдущих испытаний. Однако, по мнению инженеров, полученные результате еще не являются пределом. Инженеры НАСА планируют создать многоразовые RDRE двигатели, которые будут выдавать тягу в 4,2 тонны.
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Чтобы камера сгорания могла выдерживать большую нагрузку, инженеры использовали для производства медный сплав GRCop-42, а также технологии аддитивного производства (на основе трехмерной модели) с порошковым напылением. Именно благодаря этому RDRE способен работать в экстремальных условиях.
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Инженеры НАСА планируют масштабировать ракетный двигатель
Как говорят сами инженеры, RDRE обеспечит огромный скачок в отрасли. Прототип демонстрирует, что НАСА приблизилось к созданию легких и эффективным двигателей, которые позволят отправлять более тяжелые ракеты в глубокий космос. В частности такие двигатели являются критически важными для лунной программы НАСА.
Переходите по ссылке на наш ДЗЕН КАНАЛ. Мы подготовили для вас множество интересных, захватывающих материалов посвященных науке.
Напомним, что над разработкой более мощных двигателей и ракет работает не только НАСА, но и SpaceX. В настоящее время компания работает над ракетой Starship, которая должна будет доставить людей на Луну и Марс. В настоящее время уже состоялись два испытательных запуска, однако они не увенчались успехом. Правда второй запуск был все же более удачным. В ближайшие несколько недель должен состояться третий запуск. Если он пройдет успешно, космический корабль совершит первый беспилотный орбитальный полет.
