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В глубинах океана живут самые различные существа, которые способны удивить не только своим внешним видом, но и тем, как они адаптировались к окружающей среде. Одним из таких существ является тихоокеанская миксина, или пиявкорот (Eptatretus stoutii). Она представляет собой рыбу, но при этом не имеет позвонка ни на одном этапе своего развития, а еще у нее нет чешуи и плавников. Поэтому миксина больше похожа на гигантского дождевого червя с пастью. Еще более удивительно то, что это древнее существо живет на планете уже более 500 миллионов лет. То есть оно возникло за миллионы лет до того, как рыбы начали выходить из моря на сушу, и даже раньше, чем на Земле появились первые деревья.
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Тихоокеанская миксина — существо, которое способно убить акулу. Источник фото: fishbiosystem.ru
Тихоокеанская миксина — необычное морское существо
Необычное существо Eptatretus stoutii вырастает в длину до 64 сантиметров, но в большинстве случаев немногим более 40 сантиметром. Внешне эти рыбы больше всего похожи на угрей, но никакого отношения к ним не имеют. На самом деле они относятся к виду круглоротых рыб. Ближайшим родственником тихоокеанской миксины являются миноги. Несмотря на то, что пиявкорот не имеет позвоночника, у него все же есть череп, правда, примитивный и хрящевой. Также эта рыба имеет глаза, но они затянуты кожей, и практически ничего не видят. Но зато на поверхности кожи миксины имеют светочувствительные клетки. Правда располагаются они не на черепе, а возле клоаки. Еще одной особенностью является наличие всего одной ноздри.
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Миксина больше напоминает червя, чем рыбу. Источник фото: fishbiosystem.ru
Наверняка у вас возник вопрос — почему миксина относится к позвоночным, если у нее нет позвонка? Это существо действительно является примитивным позвоночным, и этому есть генетическое подтверждение. Предположительно, у их предков был позвоночник, или, по крайней мере, некоторое хрящевое подобие позвонка, как у миног. В какой-то момент миксина потеряла позвонок, так как в нем не было необходимости. Очевидно, произошло это очень давно.
Где обитает и чем питается тихоокеанский пиявкорот
Тихоокеанская миксина встречается в северо-восточной части Тихого океана. Ее ареал обитания охватывает участок от юго-востока Аляски до Нижней Калифорнии в Мексике. Рыба предпочитает илистое и глинистое дно на глубинах от 50 до 1000 метров. Но чаще всего тихоокеанские миксины встречаются на глубине менее 90 метров. На дне рыба питается мелкими беспозвоночными. Но также известно, что она является падальщиком — проникают в мертвую рыбу через рот или задний проход, и питается ее внутренностями.
Возможно, рацион тихоокеанской миксины более разнообразный. Например, известно, что другие виды миксин также питаются креветками, крабами-отшельниками, головоногими моллюсками, мясом китов и пр. К сожалению, информация относительно тихоокианской миксины сильно ограничена.
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loadCB(){if(ss.addEventListener){ss.removeEventListener("load",loadCB);}ss.media=media||"all";}if(ss.addEventListener){ss.addEventListener("load",loadCB);}ss.onloadcssdefined=onloadcssdefined;onloadcssdefined(loadCB);return ss;};if(typeof exports!=="undefined"){exports.loadCSS=loadCSS;}else{w.loadCSS=loadCSS;}}(typeof global!=="undefined"?global:this));loadCSS("https://hi-news.ru/wp-content/themes/101media/style.css?1597665258",document.getElementById("loadcss"));loadCSS("https://hi-news.ru/wp-content/themes/101media/app.css?1611331550",document.getElementById("loadcss"));loadCSS("https://hi-news.ru/wp-content/plugins/tag-sticky-post/css/plugin.css?1541770289",document.getElementById("loadcss")); window.yaContextCb=window.yaContextCb||[]](https://hi-news.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Miksini_padalschiki-750x396.png)
Миксины питаются падалью. Источник фото: elementy.ru
Но, в любом случае, эти жутковатые существа помогает поддерживать чистоту экосистемы и обеспечивать круговорот питательных веществ на большой глубине. Надо сказать, что миксины едят нечасто. Даже в неволе их кормят всего один раз в 3-6 месяцев. Но когда они едят, то наедаются “с запасом”.
Как уже было сказано выше, миксины практически ничего не видят, поэтому полагаются на обоняние, которое у них хорошо развито. Также в поиске пищи им помогают четыре щупальца вокруг рта. А чтобы разрывать и потреблять мясо рыб, они используют две пары зубоподобных выступов на языке.
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Тихоокеанская миксина имеет два ряда зубоподобных выступов. Источник фото: fishbiosystem.ru
Как миксина может убить акулу
Несмотря на то, что пиявкорот не охотится на акул и имеет небольшие размеры, он способен легко убить этого свирепого хищника, если почувствует от него опасность. Когда акула или другая крупная рыба приближается, миксина выпускает липкую слизь, которая закупоривает жабры нападавшего, в результате чего хищник задыхается. Поэтому, как сообщает издание LiveScince, нападения со стороны жаберных хищников всегда оканчиваются неудачей для последних.
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Буквально за пару секунд миксина способна выработать несколько литров вязкой слизи, которая состоит из сотен тысяч прочных протеиновых нитей. Слизь настолько прочная, что ученые даже создали синтетическую ткань на ее основе, из которой можно делать одежду.
Обязательно посетите наши каналы Дзен и Telegram, здесь вас ждут самые интересные новости из мира науки и последние открытия!
Сотрудники научного центра Naval Surface Warfare смогли синтезировать белок, при помощью которого эти существа из воды делают слизь. Полученный материал оказался не только очень эластичным, но и в десять раз прочнее стали. Это позволяет делать броню буквально из воды.
