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01.11.2023
23 4 minutes read

Несмотря на внушительное количество накопленных данных, наши знания о Вселенной крайне малы. Мы не знаем как она появилась, почему расширяется с ускорением и почему устроена таким странным образом. Чтобы немного приблизиться к тайнам, что скрывает в себе этот космический океан, ученые создают компьютерные модели Вселенной. Одна из них, под названием FLAMINGO simulations (моделирование FLAMINGO), создана международной командой ученых с помощью суперкомпьютера. Новое моделирование предназначено для расчета эволюции всех известных компонентов Вселенной и позволяет детально рассмотреть космическую эволюцию с момента Большого взрыва. Новый проект, как отмечают его авторы, поможет разрешить одни из самых сложных загадок современной космологии.

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Астрономы провели крупнейшее на сегодняшний день космологическое компьютерное моделирование

Виртуальная Вселенная

Так как исследования в области астрономии, астрофизики и космологии не обходятся без компьютеров, создание компьютерной модели Вселенной – идея не новая. Роботизированные теле и радиотелескопы позволяют ученым отслеживать движение тысяч звезд, а большинство современных астрономических проектов относятся к т.н. Big data science – методам анализа данных и извлечения из них ценной информации.

Использование мощных компьютерных инструментов, наряду с методами анализа и обработке данных, позволяет астрономам не только составлять каталоги и подробные карты отдельных участков ночного неба, но и целые компьютерные модели нашей Вселенной.

Ученые создали самую подробную в истории компьютерную модель Вселенной - Hi-News.ru">/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Для астрофизического моделирования применяются мощнейшие суперкомпьютеры, так как задачи, стоящие перед астрофизиками, невероятно сложные

Так, в 2021 году мы рассказывали о сгенерированной виртуальной Вселенной Учуу (“космическое пространство” в переводе с японского). Эта масштабная симуляция демонстрирует эволюцию Вселенной на протяжении более 13 миллиардов лет, а ее главная цель – изучение таинственной темной материи.

Подробнее о том, как международная команда ученых разработала одну из самых масштабных компьютерных моделей Вселенной и как ли ее скачать, мы рассказывали здесь, не пропустите!

Проект FLAMINGO

В отличие от Учуу, новая модель Вселенной (далее FLAMINGO), отслеживает не только темную, но и обычную материю (такую как планеты, звезды и галактики). Этот подход позволяет ученым получить представление об эволюции нашей Вселенной. Отметим, что FLAMINGO рассчитывает эволюцию всех компонентов Вселенной в соответствии с законами физики, а по мере продвижения появляются виртуальные галактики и их скопления.

В отличие от более ранних моделей, FLAMINGO сложнее и требует гораздо больших вычислительных мощностей. Все потому, что на обычную материю (составляющую всего 16% всей материи во Вселенной) воздействует не только гравитация, но и давление газа, которое может привести к выбросу вещества из галактик активными черными дырами и сверхновыми в межгалактическое пространство. Сила этих межгалактических ветров зависит от взрывов в межзвездной среде и ее очень трудно предсказать (напомним, что под галактическим ветром ученые понимают высокоскоростной звездный ветер).

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Симуляция в рамках проекта FLAMINGO охватывает колоссальный объем, эквивалентный кубу со стороной 9,1 млрд. световых лет.

До сих пор компьютерное моделирование отслеживало только темную материю. И хотя она доминирует над гравитацией, вкладом обычной материи больше нельзя пренебрегать, так как он может быть аналогичен отклонениям между моделями и наблюдениями, – говорит руководитель исследования Йооп Шайе (Лейденский университет).

Вдобавок ко всему, в моделировании впервые учитывается воздействие нейтрино и субатомных частиц малой, но точно не известной массы. Первые результаты показывают, что как нейтрино, так и обычная материя необходимы для получения точных предсказаний, но не устраняют противоречий между различными космологическими наблюдениями.

Хотите всегда быть в курсе последних новостей из мира науки и высоких технологий? Подписывайтесь на наш канал в Telegram – так вы точно не пропустите ничего интересного!

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Изображение крупномасштабной структуры Вселенной, показывающее нити и пустоты внутри космической структуры.

Отметим, что команда еще не обнародовала полные данные о FLAMINGO из-за огромного объема данных. Ознакомиться с научной работой, опубликованной в трех частях, можно здесь, здесь и здесь. в первой статье описываются методы, во второй представлены результаты моделирования, а в третьей исследуется, насколько хорошо моделирование воспроизводит крупномасштабную структуру Вселенной.

Окно во Вселенную

Один из авторов нового исследования Матье Шаллер из Лейденского университета отмечает, что для создания новой (самой масштабной на сегодняшней день компьютерной модели Вселенной) был разработан новый код SWIFT, который эффективно распределяет вычислительную работу между 30 тысячами процессоров. Таким образом FLAMINGO открывает новое виртуальное окно во Вселенную, которое поможет максимально использовать космологические наблюдения.

Кроме того, большой объем (виртуальных) данных создает возможности для совершения новых теоретических открытий и тестирования новых методов анализа данных, включая машинное обучение. С его помощью астрономы могут делать прогнозы для случайных виртуальных вселенных, а сравнивая их с наблюдениями крупномасштабных структур, могут измерять значения космологических параметров. Более того, они могут измерить соответствующие неопределенности, сравнив их с наблюдениями, которые ограничивают влияние галактического ветра.

Эффект галактических ветров был откалиброван с помощью машинного обучения, путем сравнения предсказаний множества различных симуляций относительно небольших объемов с наблюдаемыми массами галактик и распределением газа в скоплениях галактик, – объясняет аспирант Рой Кугель из Лейденского университета.

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Моделирование FLAMINGO потребовало исключительных технологических ресурсов.

Это интересно: Симуляция или нет? Почему некоторые ученые полагают, что наш мир нереален?

Помимо создания полномасштабной модели Вселенной, работа FLAMINGO – это также способ собрать все космические данные и связать различные предсказания и теории о Вселенной с реальными наблюдениями. Теории включают в себя набор свойств Вселенной, называемых “космологическими параметрами”. Их можно измерить и сравнить с другими наблюдениями, которые, зачастую, не совпадают друг с другом, порождая все больше вопросов и противоречивых теорий.

Один из них связан со свойствами космического микроволнового фона (реликтового излучения) – света, оставшегося с самых ранних эпох космической истории. Некоторые измерения этих свойств дают разные значения, поэтому астрономам необходимо устранить это противоречие. Если этого не сделать, то стандартную модель космологии, которая опирается на модель темной материи, придется пересмотреть.

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Моделирование FLAMINGO потребовало исключительных технологических ресурсов.

Больше по теме: Астрономы создали 8 миллионов Вселенных внутри компьютера. И вот что они узнали

«Таким образом, новое моделирование позволяет, хотя и столь экспериментальным путем, экспериментировать с различными настройками своих моделей», – объясняют участники инновационного проекта.

Основные научные цели проекта FLAMINGO заключаются в проведении комплекса масштабных космологических симуляций. Все этапы разработки проводились на суперкомпьютерном кластере в Университете Дурхан в Великобритании.

Источник

01.11.2023
23 4 minutes read
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30.12.2023

Насколько опасны красные и коричневые пятна в куриных яйцах — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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16.09.2023

Человек, упавший из космоса: история неудавшегося трюка Владимира Комарова — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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