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13.10.2023
23 4 minutes read

В 2011 году канадско-американский нейропсихолог и лингвист Стивен Пинкер выпустил книгу под названием «Лучшее в нас. Почему насилия в мире стало меньше». В ней автор утверждает, что как в долгосрочной, так и в краткосрочной перспективе, наш мир становится лучше и приводит объяснения происходящему. Увы, но в 2023 году книга Пинкера кажется слишком оптимистичной, ведь в мире все больше военных конфликтов, а уровень агрессии в обществе стремительно нарастает, что отчетливо видно в социальных сетях. Более того, в недавно опубликованных исследованиях приведены доказательства связи социальных сетей с политическим насилием, гражданскими конфликтами и терроризмом. Ученые также пришли к выводу, что чем больше времени люди проводят в социальных сетях, тем выше уровень агрессии и преступности в обществе.

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Нет никаких сомнений в том, что социальные сети оказывают влияние на современное общество, однако исследований с эмпирическими данными не так много

В реальном мире люди подсознательно следят за поведением окружающих и соответствующим образом меняют собственное поведение. В Интернете таких механизмов обратной связи у нас нет, однако агрессивное поведение, наблюдаемое в сети, часто происходит и в реальном мире, – Грэм Джонс, американский психолог.

Содержание

  • 1 Общество и Интернет
  • 2 Информация как оружие
  • 3 СМИ, социальные сети и насилие
  • 4 Агрессивная риторика в новостях

Общество и Интернет

С 1990-х годов влияние Интернета и социальных сетей на повседневную жизнь резко возросло. С одной стороны перед человечеством открылась масса новых возможностей, а с другой – проблем. Так, по мере цифровизации в мире растет число самоубийств, а агрессия в Интернете, в частности травля и политическая поляризация, продолжает набирать обороты. Но стоит ли винить во всем Интернет и какое воздействие он на самом деле оказывает на общество?

Ответ на этот вопрос искали авторы исследования, опубликованного в журнале Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society в 2021 году. В ней рассмотрены доказательства предполагаемого пагубного воздействия социальных сетей на несколько сфер благосостояния человека, включая политическую поляризацию, депрессию и самоубийства, агрессию и травлю.

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В обществе растет уровень агрессии. Но неужели во всем виноват Интернет?

В дополнение к изучению современных данных психологических исследований, исследователи приложили исторический анализ, чтобы выяснить, действительно ли мы живем в исключительно трудное время или аналогичные модели социального поведения можно было наблюдать и в другие, «доинтернетовские времена».

Читайте также: Как интернет изменил наше общество?

Авторы работы пришли к выводу, что использование социальных сетей действительно связано со многими негативными социальными явлениями. Это влияние проявляется сложными способами, связанными с мотивацией, ситуаций и личными качествами пользователей. Ученые также отмечают, что исследований по теме с точными и эмпирическими данными сегодня немного, а те что есть, следует интерпретировать с осторожностью.

Информация как оружие

Данные доклада The Weaponization of social media 2019 года, однако, рисуют куда более однозначную картину, называя социальные сети мощным инструментом как коммуникации, так и конфликтов. Основной причиной такого положения вещей ученые считают скоординированные кампании по дезинформации, политические манипуляции и хейтспич (агрессивные высказывания и комментарии в сети).

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Социальные сети – самое настоящее оружие

Все выше указанные факторы создают новые, доступные каналы для распространения дезинформации, сеющей рознь и способствующей причинению реального вреда в форме насилия, преследований и эксплуатации. Влияние социальных сетей на сообщества в реальном мире является сложным и быстро меняющимся и простирается через международные границы, бросая вызов традиционным моделям гуманитарной помощи, развития и мироустройства, – говорится в документе.

Более того, возможность общаться на расстоянии в режиме реального времени превратила социальные сети в средство связи для ряда воинствующих экстремистских группировок. Так, Исламское государство (или ИГИЛ, запрещенная в России террористическая организация) добилось особых успехов в использовании возможностей цифровых коммуникационных технологий.

Хотите всегда быть в курсе последних новостей из мира науки и высоких технологий? Подписывайтесь на наш канал в Telegram – так вы точно не пропустите ничего интересного!

СМИ, социальные сети и насилие

Насилие, изображаемое в средствах массовой информации, может оказывать особое воздействие на людей. Все исследования в этой области с начала 20-го века показывают, что насильственный контент воздействует и на отдельных людей и на общество. Более того, частое присутствие насилия в газетах, на телевидении, в кино и социальных сетях – это проблема, которая возникает из-за необходимости охватить более широкую аудиторию.

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Насилие порождает насилие

Результаты ранее проведенных исследований показали, что наиболее важным фактором, способствующим распространению насилия в обществе, является его восприятие как нормального, естественного и приемлемого явления в повседневной жизни, а не как неправильного, вредного, незаконного и преступного. Увы, но СМИ играют огромную роль в нашем «нормальном» восприятии насилия и обезличивании друг друга.

Больше по теме: Как Интернет и социальные сети влияют на мозг?

Отметим, что из-за обилия насильственного контента в социальных сетях и СМИ, люди начинают верить, что насилия в мире гораздо больше, чем на самом деле. Но если со СМИ все более-менее понятно, то что на счет социальных сетей?

Чтобы лучше разобраться в происходящем, Лэнс Хантер из Университета Огасты и его коллеги провели крайне интересное исследование, которое демонстрирует доказательства связи социальных сетей с политическим насилием, включая терроризм и возникновение гражданских конфликтов. Исследование охватывало более 150 стран в период с 2000 по 2019 год.

В ходе работы мы обнаружили, что количество времени, которое люди проводят в социальных сетях в среднем по каждой стране в год действительно оказывает влияние на уровень напряженности и агрессии внутри стран, – рассказывает Хантер.

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Социальные сети навсегда изменили мир. Вот только в какую сторону пока не понятно

Хантер также отмечает, что социальные сети способствуют распространению дезинформации, которая оказывает негативное воздействие на граждан по всему миру, разделяя людей и способствуя возникновению политических конфликтов.

Не пропустите: Как и почему социальные сети делают нас несчастными?

Агрессивная риторика в новостях

Как показали результаты недавно опубликованного исследования, онлайн-новости – очень странное и немноголюдное пространство в Интернете. Управляет им еще более странная и малочисленная группа авторов и редакторов, главная задача которых – заполучить внимание пользователей, создавая эмоциональный контент. И чем более негативную реакцию вызывают новости – тем больше охват просмотров.

Проблема, однако, в том, что плохие новости всегда были, есть и будут – это не какой-то миф, придуманный авторами в погоне за просмотрами. Многие события и тенденции в мире действительно ужасают, а новостные организации не могут их не освещать.

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Негативный контент пользуется большей популярностью в сети, чем хорошие новости

Онлайн-СМИ важны для общества в плане информирования и формирования мнений. В ходе работы мы проанализировали причинно-следственное влияние негативных и эмоциональных слов на потребление новостного контента, используя большой набор данных и вирусных новостных сюжетов. Мы обнаружили, что негативные слова в заголовках новостей увеличивали количество просмотров, а позитивные – снижали, –пишут авторы исследования.

Тем не менее, не стоит забывать о негативном уклоне в новостях. Во-первых, любая системная предвзятость в освещении новостей – это плохо. Так, ложь с целью защиты интересов определенной стороны, создание фейковых новостей и распространение хейтспич должны настораживать внимательных пользователей сети.

Вам будет интересно: Частый постинг личного и эмоционального контента в соцсетях свидетельствует о психологических проблемах

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Лучшее, что можно сделать сегодня – соблюдать цифровую гигиену!

Во-вторых, мы живем в век информационного изобилия – революция в области технологий расширила рынок контента и создала переполненную новостную среду, где авторы заголовков яростно конкурируют за внимание. А на этом рынке изобилия, как говорилось выше, доминирует негативная новостная повестка.

Источник

13.10.2023
23 4 minutes read
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