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История сверхзвуковых самолетов неразрывно связана с реактивной авиацией, которая появилась в начале 40-х годов. Двигатели нового типа позволяли истребителям и бомбардировщикам разгоняться до более высоких скоростей и подниматься на большую высоту, что существенно расширяло их возможности. Однако в конечном итоге потолок скорости уперся в аэродинамические свойства самолетов. Дело в том, что для полета со сверхзвуковой скоростью, то есть быстрее скорости звука, недостаточно просто разогнать машину. При достижении воздушным судном скорости звука сильно меняется аэродинамика обтекания и возрастает аэродинамическое сопротивление, вместе с тем возрастает кинетический нагрев. Все это ведет к утрате устойчивости и управляемости самолета. Поэтому авиаконструкторам пришлось искать новые конструктивные решения, чтобы преодолеть этот барьер.

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Сверхзвуковые самолеты способны лететь со скоростью свыше 1235 км/ч

Содержание

  • 1 Когда появились первые реактивные самолеты
  • 2 Первый полет на сверхзвуковой скорости
  • 3 Как эволюционировали сверхзвуковые самолеты
  • 4 Гражданская сверхзвуковая авиация

Когда появились первые реактивные самолеты

Первый прототип самолета с реактивным двигателем появился не в 30-х и даже не 20-х годах, а еще в начале 70-х годов XIX века. Он был разработан отставным капитаном артиллерии Николаем Телешовым. Проект был запатентован им еще в 1867 году. Однако реализовать его так и не удалось.

Первый же реактивный самолет, способный летать, появился только спустя 40 лет. В Румынии 16 декабря 1910 года Coanda-1910 совершил свой первый короткий полет. Он считается самым первым в мире реактивным самолетом. Правда, полноценно, то есть длительное время, он летать все еще не мог. Турбореактивные самолеты, которые были способны совершать длительные полеты, появились еще спустя почти 30 лет.

История и эволюция сверхзвуковой авиации — факты, которые вас удивят - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Реактивный самолет Coanda-1910, который совершил первый полет в 1910 году

Первым в мире действующим реактивным самолетом стал Heinkel He 178, созданный немецкой компанией Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke. Он совершил первый полет 27 августа 1939 года. Однако несмотря на успешные испытания, машина не заинтересовала министерство авиации Германии, поэтому проект был закрыт.

Однако новые технологии, которые использовались в Heinkel He 178, впоследствии были внедрены в самолете Me 262 Schwalbe, который разработала компания Messerschmitt. Этот проект был более успешным. 18 июля 1942 года самолет совершил свой первый полет и начал производиться серийно.

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Heinkel He 178 — первый реактивный самолет, который мог летать длительное время

Истребитель Me 262 Schwalbe мог летать с гораздо более высокой скоростью, чем существующие аналоги с двигателями внутреннего сгорания. Более того, вполне возможно, что именно он впервые в мире преодолел, или, по крайней мере, достиг скорости звука.

Первый полет на сверхзвуковой скорости

Исследования в области разработки полноценных сверхзвуковых самолетов начались ближе к концу Второй мировой войны, то есть в первой половине 40-х годов. Первым экспериментальным сверхзвуковым самолетом стал американский Bell X-1, оснащенный ракетным двигателем XLR-11

История и эволюция сверхзвуковой авиации — факты, которые вас удивят - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Bell X-1 — первый в мире сверхзвуковой самолет

14 октября 1947 года американский летчик-испытатель Чак Йегер впервые достиг и преодолел скорость звука в управляемом полете. С этого момента, можно сказать, началась эпоха сверхзвуковых самолетов. Однако первым летчиком, который разогнал свой самолет до сверхзвуковой скорости, возможно, является не Чак Йегер, а Фанрих Ханс-Гвидо Мутке, один из пилотов люфтваффе.

С 1942 года Мутке летал на самолетах Messerschmitt Bf 110 и Dornier 217, а в 1945 году прошел переобучение для полетов на реактивном самолете Me 262 Schwalbe. В апреле 1945 года Фанрих Мутке получил задание подняться на высоту близкую к потолку для этого самолета (свыше 11 тысяч метров).

История и эволюция сверхзвуковой авиации — факты, которые вас удивят - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Me 262 Schwalbe, возможно, был первым самолетом, который достиг скорости звука

Когда пилот почти достиг максимальной высоты, он услышал от диспетчера, что одного из его товарищей собирается атаковать британский самолет P-51 Mustang. Фанрих Мутке принял решение спуститься и помочь ему. Для этого он совершил резкий разворот, включил оба двигателя на полную мощность и направился вниз.

Как сообщается в книге “Спитфайры над Берлином”, через несколько секунд самолет начало сильно трясти. По словам самого пилота, указатель скорости достиг максимальной красной зоны. Это означало, что самолет превысил скорость в 1100 км/ч. Напомним, что скорость звука составляет 1234 км/ч.

В этот момент Мутке заметил, что заклепки из верхних частей крыльев начали выскакивать. При этом сам самолет сильно вибрировал и его продолжало трясти. В какой-то момент самолет отреагировал на органы управления, а затем полностью вышел из под контроля пилота. Тогда Мутке изменил наклон хвостового оперения, что позволило снизить скорость. Это позволило ему вернуть контроль над самолетом и вернуться на базу.

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Летчик люфтваффе Фанрих Мутке

Механики были очень удивлены состоянием самолета. Как вспоминал сам пилот, он выглядел так, как будто его трясла гигантская рука великана. Подобное никогда не случалось с другими пилотами, поэтому Фанрих Мутке подумал, что с его самолетом что-то не так. Лишь в 1989 году пилот рассказал об этом случае экспертам, и они пришли к выводу, что Фанрих Мутке преодолел сверхзвуковой барьер на два года раньше, чем Чак Йегер.

К слову, компьютерное моделирование, произведенное в 1999 году в Мюнхенском техническом университете, показало, что Me 262 действительно мог развивать сверхзвуковую скорость.

История и эволюция сверхзвуковой авиации — факты, которые вас удивят - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Советский околозвуковой истребитель МиГ-17

Как эволюционировали сверхзвуковые самолеты

Несмотря на то, что США опередили СССР в плане создания сверхзвукового самолета, первым серийным истребителем, который достигал скорости звука, стал советский МиГ-17. Он был разработан в конце 40-х годов, а поступил в производство в 1952 году. Правда, самолет был околозвуковым, но не сверхзвуковым.

Первым же полноценным сверхзвуковым самолетом стал американский North American F-100 Super Sabre, который совершил свой первый полет в мае 1953 года, а уже в 1954 году поступил в серийное производство и был принят на вооружение. С тех пор началось бурное развитие сверхзвуковой авиации, которое пришлось на середину 50-х и 60-е годы. Авиаконструкторам удалось решить основные проблемы устойчивости и управляемости на сверхзвуковых скоростях. Это позволило создавать сверхзвуковые самолеты различных назначений.

История и эволюция сверхзвуковой авиации — факты, которые вас удивят - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Первый в мире сверхзвуковой истребитель F-100 Super Sabre

В первой половине 60-х годов в США был построен сверхзвуковой самолет-разведчик Lockheed SR-7 (Черный Дрозд), который по сей день остается самым скоростным в мире. А в СССР к концу 60-х годов приступили к созданию сверхзвукового стратегического бомбардировщика Ту-160 Белый Лебедь — самого большого и мощного бомбардировшика в мире, который по сей день стоит на вооружении РФ.

Гражданская сверхзвуковая авиация

Первые гражданские сверхзвуковые самолеты появились тоже в конце 60-х годов. Однако, в отличие от военных машин, гражданская сверхзвуковая авиация не получила широкого распространения. Всего было создано два таких самолета — советский Ту-144 и французский Конкорд.

История и эволюция сверхзвуковой авиации — факты, которые вас удивят - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Советский сверхзвуковой пассажирский самолет Ту-144

Надо сказать, что Ту-144 совершил первый полет в 1968 году, однако стал эксплуатироваться гораздо позже — в 1975 году. Уже в 1978 году самолет превратился в музейный экспонат, так как его перестали эксплуатировать. Конкорд совершил первый полет в 1969 году, при этом эксплуатировался гораздо дольше — в период с 1976 по 2003 год. То есть в настоящее время сверхзвуковых пассажирских самолетов не существует. О причинах отсутствия в мире сверхзвуковой гражданской авиации мы подробно рассказывали в статье, посвященной гиперзвуковым пассажирским самолетам.

Переходите по ссылке на наш ЯНДЕКС.ДЗЕН КАНАЛ. Мы подготовили для вас множество интересных, захватывающих материалов посвященных науке.

Как вы наверняка догадались, одна из причин, по которой авиакомпании отказались от использования сверхзвуковых самолетов — это хлопок, который слышат люди на земле. Существует миф, что этот хлопок возникает в тот момент, когда самолет разгоняется и переходит на сверхзвуковую скорость. На самом же деле причина громкого звука, похожего на взрыв, совсем в другом. Подробнее об этом можно ознакомиться по ссылке.

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