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Ученые впервые в истории человечества собираются пробурить отверстие на склоне вулкана. Чтобы понять, что это предельно сложная и опасная задача, не нужно быть экспертом по вулканологии — в процессе работы техника будет взаимодействовать с очень высокими температурами, и может произойти все, что угодно. Однако, этот риск вполне оправдан, потому что в случае успеха научное сообщество узнает много чего интересного о свойствах вулканической магмы, а также сможет раскрыть причины возникновения извержений. О своих планах компания, которая взяла на себя эту сложнейшую миссию, рассказывает уже не первый год. Несколько лет назад начало работ было запланировано на 2024 год, но недавно дата была перенесена на еще на пару лет.
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В будущем вулканы могут стать мощными источниками энергии. Изображение: нейросеть DALL-E
Бурение скважины на вулкане
По данным научного издания Science Alert, бурением скважины на склоне вулкана займется организация Krafla Magma Testbed (KMT). Она была основана в 2014 году — ее назвали в честь вулканической кальдеры Крабла, которая расположена на северо-востоке Исландии. Именно на его склоне и планируется пробурить скважину, при помощи которой ученые надеются узнать новые подробности о происходящих в глубинах Земли процессах.
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Вид на кальдеру Крабла сверху. Фотография: Hansueli Krapf
Проект существует уже давно. В статье 2018 года представители компании говорили, что пробуренная скважина на вулканической котловине Крабла должна стать чем-то вроде космических телескопов и антарктических станций — местом, в котором можно будет изучать малоизвестную среду.
Читайте также: Вулканическая трещина длиной в 4 километра в Исландии — может ли она разрушить город?
Исландский проект глубокого бурения
Вулкан Крабла — это котловина диаметром 14 километров, которая имеет два кратера. Первая называется Вити и примечательна тем, что внутри него располагается озеро бирюзового цвета. Второй кратер носит название Наумафьядль и интересен тем, что на нем есть грязевые вулканы.
Специалисты из многих стран, в том числе и России, уже пытались пробурить дыру в кальдере Крабла в начале 21 века. Они не хотели достичь магматической камеры — их целью было добраться до очень горячих мест и использовать выделяемое тепло для выработки энергии. С 1978 году у кальдеры Крабла уже работала геотермальная электростанция Крюфлустюд (Kröflustöð), но люди хотели сделать ее более мощной.
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Геотермальная электростанция «Крюфлустюд». Фотография: Villy Fink Isaksen
В 2006 году, в рамках «Исландского проекта глубокого бурения», специалисты начали бурить скважину IDDP-1. Руководители считали, что они смогут благополучно достичь глубины 4 километров. Однако, в 2009 году техника добралась до 2,1-километровой глубины и, ко всеобщему удивлению, вскрыла камеру с нагретой до 900 градусов Цельсия магмой. Воздух в области работы техники нагрелся до 450 градусов, так что продолжать работу было невозможно.
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Место бурения скважины IDDP-1. Фотография: Inhabitat
Вам будет интересно: Сколько вулканов на Земле извергаются прямо сейчас — их больше, чем вы думаете
Изучение вулканической магмы
В результате этого происшествия, наружу вышел раскаленный пар. Но этот опыт показал, что вскрытие магматической камеры не приводит к извержению вулкана. Поэтому, сейчас у участников проекта гораздо больше смелости для продолжения работы. Изначально предполагалось, что бурение скважины начнется в 2024 году. Однако, недавно стало известно, что дата была перенесена на 2026 год. Перенос связан с тем, что инженерам необходимо выполнить много задач, самыми главными из которых являются разработка сверл и датчиков, которые могут выдержать работу в условиях экстремальной жары. Также не стоит забывать, что на большой глубине на все объекты оказывается высокое давление — инструменты должны быть готовыми к этому.
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Как может выглядеть место проведения буровых работ. Изображение: Krafla Magma Testbed
Создав глубокую скважину на склоне вулкана, специалисты смогут разработать источник «неограниченной энергии». Если говорить коротко, они смогут создать очень мощную геотермальную электростанцию — комплекс, который способен вырабатывать электрическую энергию из тепловой энергии подземных источников.
Также рабочие станции Krafla Magma Testbed сможет изучать свойства вулканической магмы. В результате научных работ, ученые смогут выяснить, как формируется континентальная кора. Также они получат шанс тщательно исследовать многие происходящие внутри нашей планеты процессы — в перспективе, это поможет создать самую точную систему предсказания землетрясений. А она, в свою очередь, спасет тысячи или даже миллионы жизней.
Обязательно подпишитесь на наши каналы в Дзен и Telegram. Так вы не пропустите ничего интересного, что происходит в сфере науки!
Стоит отметить, что ученые занимаются бурением во многих уголках Земли. В 2023 году они впервые пробурили земную кору насквозь и добыли образцы мантии — это очень большое достижение для человечества.
