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22.03.2024
23 4 minutes read

Ведущая космологическая модель гласит, что наша Вселенная родилась около 13,7 миллиардов лет назад после Большого взрыва, а сам космос состоит из трех типов материи: «обычной материи», «темной энергии» и «темной материи». Правда, на сегодняшний день нет никаких прямых доказательств существования как таинственной темной энергии, так и темной материи – ученые предполагают, что эти две гипотетические материи ответственны за расширение Вселенной и удерживание галактик посредством гравитации. Еще одной проблемой является несоответствие ведущих физических теорий – общей теории относительности (ОТО), объясняющей устройство Вселенной на макроуровне и квантовой механики, объяснеющей ее устройство на уровне элементарных частиц. Но что, если темной материи, поисками которой занимаются исследователи со всего мира, не существует? И может ли быть так, что возраст нашей Вселенной намного больше 13,7 млрд лет? Поразительно, но автор нового исследования отвечает «да» на эти вопросы.

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Что, если темной материи не существует, а Вселенной не менее 27 миллиардов лет?

Содержание

  • 1 Возраст Вселенной
    • 1.1 Красное смещение
  • 2 Прощай, темная материя
  • 3 Пересмотр космологической модели Вселенной

Возраст Вселенной

Летом 2023 года в научном журнале Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society вышло исследование, результаты которого показали, что возраст Вселенной составляет почти 27 миллиардов лет, что в два раза превышает текущие оценки. Напомним, что последний раз данные о возрасте мироздания были получены в 2021 году с помощью модели Лямбда-МЧР, которая предполагает, что ОТО является правильной теорией гравитации на космологических масштабах (модель ожидаемо показала, что Вселенной 13,7 млрд лет).

Астрофизики пытаются вычислить возраст Вселенной в течение многих лет, измеряя время, прошедшее с момента Большого взрыва и изучая свет, исходящий от самых далеких и древних звезд и галактик. И именно здесь начинаются проблемы. Все дело в открытии древних звезд (таких как Мафусаил) и ранних галактик (стадии эволюции которых весьма продвинутая) которые, предположительно старше предполагаемого возраста Вселенной. Эти данные исследователи получили с помощью космической обсерватории Джеймса Уэбба.

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Звезда Мафусаил может быть старше Вселенной

Больше по теме: Когда во Вселенной появились первые звезды?

Обнаруженные Уэббом ранние галактики, предположительно появились спустя 300 миллионов лет после Большого взрыва и обладают, как говорится в исследовании, «уровнем зрелости и массы, обычно ассоциируемыми с миллиардами лет космической эволюции. Кроме того, они удивительно малы по размеру, что еще загадочнее».

Красное смещение

Красным смещением галактики называют расстояние, на который сместился или растянулся ее свет в красно диапазоне спектра – чем дальше космический объект находится от нас, тем более красным будет исходящий от него свет.

Теория «усталого света» Фрица Цвикки гласит, что красное смещение света от далеких галактик происходит из-за постепенной потери энергии фотонами на огромных космических расстояниях. Однако было замечено, что это противоречит наблюдениям.

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Красное смещение галактик позволяет определить скорость расширения Вселенной

Еще больше интересных статей о возрасте Вселенной, эволюции звезд и галактик читайте на нашем канале в Яндекс.Дзен – там регулярно выходят статьи, которых нет на сайте!

Тем не менее профессор Гупта из Оттавского университета обнаружил, что теория Цвикки способна сосуществовать с расширяющейся Вселенной, а значит красное смещение галактик можно переосмыслить как… гибридное явление. По этой причине ученый добавил к теории Цвикки идею эволюции констант связи, выдвинутую Полем Дираком.

Константы связи – фундаментальные физические константы, которые управляют взаимодействиями между частицами. Дирак полагал, что эти константы могли изменяться с течением времени.

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Английский физик Поль Дирак (1892 – 1984) вывел уравнение, позволяющее описать электрон (уравнение Дирака), а также открыл (точнее, переоткрыл) антиматерию.

Таким образом, если позволить константам связи эволюционировать, то временные рамки формирования ранних галактик, наблюдаемые Уэббом при больших красных смещениях, могут быть увеличены с нескольких сотен миллионов лет до нескольких миллиардов лет. Это, как обнаружил Гупта,
обеспечивает более правдоподобное объяснение продвинутого уровня развития и массы, наблюдаемых в древних галактиках.

Читайте также: Как и почему галактики исчезают из виду?

Работа профессора также предполагает, что пересмотреть необходимо и традиционную интерпретацию космологической постоянной то есть темной материи, ответственной за ускоряющееся расширение Вселенной. Заменить темную материю, по мнению ученого, можно эволюцией констант связи.

Эта модификация космологической модели помогает решить загадку малых размеров галактик, наблюдаемых в ранней Вселенной и позволяет проводить более точные наблюдения, – пишет Гупта.

Прощай, темная материя

Теперь же, в новом исследовании Гупта предлагает пересмотреть концепцию темной материи, составляющей около 80% всей матери и Вселенной и не взаимодействующей с электромагнитным излучением (т.е. не поддающейся непосредственному наблюдению). Напомним, что недавно мы рассказывали о еще одной научной работе, также предлагающей отказаться от этой гипотетической субстанции.

Так как поиски темной материи до сих пор не увенчались успехом, о ее существовании астрономы могут судить лишь по ее косвенному гравитационному воздействию на звезды и галактики (или, если хотите, на все космическое пространство), чтобы точно оценить их «поведение».

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Темная материя, возможно, больше не нужна

Учитывая отсутствие прямых доказательств, многие ученые совершенно справедливо задаются вопросом о ее непосредственном существовании, намекая на возможность того, что в собранной нами картине Вселенной может отсутствовать несколько важных фрагментов головоломки.

Вам будет интересно: Существует ли на самом деле темная материя?

Таким образом, в своем новом исследовании профессор Оттавского университета утверждает, что во Вселенной попросту может не хватить места для темной материи. Это, по словам профессора физики факультета естественных наук, «могло бы предложить новое объяснение неуловимых гравитационных явлений во Вселенной, которые ОТО, по-видимому, не может разрешить«.

Гупта основывает свои выводы на комбинации того, что физики называют константами ковариационной связи (CCC) и теорией «усталого света» Цвикки (TL) (combination of the covarying coupling constants and ‘tired light’), которые, объединившись, становятся моделью CCC + TL.

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Физики пересматривают концепцию темной материи

Отметим, что константы ковариационной связи – это концепция в теоретической физике, которая позволяет определенным фундаментальным константам, которые обычно считаются фиксированными, изменяться коррелированным образом. Данная концепция появилась в результате предложений, ставящих под сомнение, постоянность таких констант, как скорость света.

Теория «усталого света», напротив, описывает потенциальное альтернативное объяснение признанных в настоящее время идей, связанных с отношениями расстояния красного смещения, как говорилось выше.

Это интересно: Почему наше понимание Вселенной необходимо пересмотреть

Пересмотр космологической модели Вселенной

Объединяя теории констант ковариационной связи (CCC) и “усталого света” (TL), Гупта пришел к выводу, что его последнее исследование только усиливает растущие проблемы с существующими моделями того, как устроена Вселенная.

Результаты исследования подтверждают, что наша предыдущая работа о возрасте Вселенной, составляющем 26,7 миллиарда лет, позволила нам обнаружить, что Вселенная не нуждается в существовании темной материи, – говорится в заявлении Гупты.

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Диаграмма, детализирующая красное смещение света от далеких галактик

В стандартной космологии считается, что ускоренное расширение Вселенной вызвано темной энергией, но на самом деле это происходит из-за ослабления сил природы по мере ее расширения, а не из-за темной энергии, полагает ученый.

Больше по теме: Как материя распределяется по Вселенной и почему это важно?

В работе также рассмотрены последние данные о распределении галактик при меньших красных смещениях, в сравнении с ранее полученными данными. Необходимо отметить, что наблюдения профессора – первые в своем роде и ставят под сомнение не только существование темной материи, но и возраст Вселенной. В конечном итоге, выводы Гупты потенциально могут привести к созданию совершенно новых космологических моделей.

Источник

22.03.2024
23 4 minutes read
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03.08.2024

Искусственный интеллект посоветовал не отправлять сигналы в космос — это может стоить нам жизни — Hi-News.ru»>/**/ article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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05.03.2024