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В нескольких километрах от Крыма на Таманском полуострове, участке, известном как древнегреческая колония Фанагория, археологи обнаружили руины древней синагоги. Ее возраст, предположительно, составляет более двух тысяч лет. Она даже могла быть построена на 100 лет раньше, чем Второй Храм в Иерусалиме, разрушенный в 70-х годах нашей эры. Если археологи не ошиблись с датировкой находки, то она является самой древней известной синагогой, построенной за пределами Израиля. Здания для еврейского богослужения этого периода времени за пределами Святой Земли встречаются вообще крайне редко.

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Мраморный рельеф с изображением миноры, обнаруженный на территории древней синагоги

Фанагория — древнегреческая колония

Фанагория — древнегреческая колония, которая располагалась на берегу Керченского пролива. Предположительно, она была основана на острове архипелага Корокондамит (уже не существует) в 543 году до нашей эры. Изначально поселение основали теосцы, то есть беженцы с греческого города Теос, расположенного на территории современной Турции, в тот период Анатолии. Их город был разграблен персами в 540 году до нашей эры. К слову, переселенцы из Анатолии основали также самый древний город в Европе, расположенный над водой.

Впоследствии нашествием персидского царя Кира, теосцы были вытеснены и с Фанагории. При этом местность получила название в честь одного из предводителей персов — Фанагора.

В период правления Перикла (494/493—429 года до нашей эры) город занимал площадь не менее 75 гектаров. В настоящее время треть его территории находится под водой. Однако древняя синагога была обнаружена на суше.

В России обнаружили древнюю синагогу, построенную в первом веке до нашей эры - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Раскопки Фанагории на территории Таманского полуострова, начались в 2004 году

Самая древняя синагога за пределами Израиля

В ходе раскопок археологи наткнулись на фундамент и очертания стен. После обнаружение артефактов внутри древнего строения, не осталось сомнение в том, что здание когда-то служило синагогой. Об этом говорят мраморные стелы с надписями, а также мраморные миноры (церемониальные девятисвечники).

Среди руин сохранились остатки мраморных колонн, картин и плитки. По словам ученых, синагога некогда имела богатое убранство. Ее стены были расписаны красками и облицованы плиткой. На крыше была выложена черепица. Орнаменты, украшавшие различные элементы синагоги и миноры, были уникальны, не похожи на ближневосточные.

В России обнаружили древнюю синагогу, построенную в первом веке до нашей эры - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Руины древней синагоги, обнаруженной на побережье Керченского залива

Когда была построена древняя синагога

По словам Рубена Бунятяна, представителя фонда “Вольное дело”, который финансирует раскопки на территории Фанагории, анализ мраморных табличек и надписей на них говорит о том, что синагога была построена не позже первого века до нашей эры.

Более того, одна табличка с греческим словом “синагеин” датируется пятым веком до нашей эры. Как поясняют ученые, от этого слова впоследствии возникло английское слово “синагога”, что переводится как “дом собраний”. Однако эта табличка могла быть привезена сюда с другого места, поэтому не является точным показателем возраста строения.

В России обнаружили древнюю синагогу, построенную в первом веке до нашей эры - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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На территории синагоги обнаружено множество мраморных элементов убранства

Надо сказать, что упоминания о Еврейском молитвенном доме в Фанагории археологи находили еще ранее. Одно из них датируется 41 годом нашей эры. Его обнаружили в другом городе на берегу Черного моря, однако место, где находилась эта синагога, до последнего момента оставалось загадкой.

Кроме того, упоминание об этом строении обнаружено в самой Фанагории, и оно датировано 16 годом нашей эры, о чем сообщается в заявлении. Однако надпись очень плохо сохранилась, поэтому не может считаться достоверной. Но, в любом случае, наличие синагоги на Таманском полуострове для археологов не стало большим удивлением.

В России обнаружили древнюю синагогу, построенную в первом веке до нашей эры - Hi-News.ru">/**/    article{display:block}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}html,body{font:400 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}html,body,div,span,iframe,h1,p,a,img,ins,strong,b,form,article,time{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif;vertical-align:baseline;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}body{font-size:14px;line-height:1;min-width:1124px}ol,ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}b,strong{font-weight:700}img{overflow:hidden;height:auto;max-width:100%;font:400 10px -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}p{color:#000;margin-bottom:15px;font:400 20px/1.5 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,sans-serif}h1{color:#000;margin:0 0 28px 0;font:700 54px/1 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Стены синагоги украшали мраморные таблички и картины

Также на территории Фанагории археологи обнаружили амфоры и надгробные камни с изображением минор, датированные первым веком нашей эры. Все это говори о том, что в городе жила крупная еврейская община. Данную информацию подтверждают и средневековые историки. К примеру, византийский хронист VIII века Феофан, а также арабский географ IX века Ибн-Хордадбеха вообще называют Фанагорию “еврейским городом”. Но, скорее всего, город был все же многонациональным, а не исключительно еврейским.

По мнению археологов синагога функционировала до середины шестого века. Впоследствии ее разграбили местные варварские племена.

Переходите по ссылке на наш ЯНДЕКС.ДЗЕН КАНАЛ. Мы подготовили для вас множество интересных, захватывающих материалов посвященных науке.

Надо сказать, что не все ученые спешат с выводами относительно возраста синагоги. Некоторые считают, что она могла быть построена в шестом веке нашей эры. Точные данные станут известны после проведения ряда исследований. Напоследок напомним о еще одном древнем сооружении обнаруженном в Крыму. Оно также было построено древними греками на территории античного города Херсонес.

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